Generic programmingParametrizing software componentsGenerics in Ada95A generic PackageInstantiationsType parametersA generic functionInstantiating a generic functiongeneric private typesSubprogram parametersSupplying subprogram parametersValue parametersPackages as parametersThe instantiation requires an instance of the parameterTemplates in C++Class and value parametersTemplate hopes for the bestFunction templatesFunctions and function templatesIterators and containersGeneric programming•Define software components with type parameters–A sorting algorithm has the same structure, regardless of the types being sorted–Stack primitives have the same semantics, regardless of the–objects stored on the stack.•Most common use: algorithms on containers: updating, iteration, search•C model: macros (textual substitution)•Ada model: generic units and instantiations•C++ model: templatesParametrizing software components•Construct parameter supplying parameter array values (bounds) declaring object declaring subtype record discriminant object/subtype subprogram values (actuals) calling subprogram generic unit types, values instantiating template classes, values instantiating, specializingGenerics in Ada95•I/O for integer types. Identical implementation, but need separate procedures for strong-typing reasons. generic type Elem is range <> ; -- any integer type package Integer_IO is procedure Put (Item : Elem); ...generic type Elem is private; -- parameter package Stacks is type Stack is private; procedure Push (X : Elem; On : in out Stack); … private type Cell; type Stack is access Cell; -- linked list representation type Cell is record Val : Elem; Next : Ptr; end record; end Stacks;A generic PackageInstantiations with Stacks; procedure Test_Stacks is package Int_Stack is new Stacks (Integer); -- list of integers package Float_Stack is new Stacks (Float); -- list of floats S1 : Int_Stack.Stack; -- a stack object S2 : Float_Stack.Stack; use Int_Stack, Float_Stack; -- ok, regular packages begin Push (15, S1); -- Int_Stack.Push Push (3.5 * Pi, S2); ... end Test_Stacks;Type parameters• The generic type declaration specifies the class of types for which an instance of the generic will work: • type T is private; -- any type with assignment (Non-limited)• type T is limited private; -- any type (no required operations)• type T is range <>; -- any integer type (arithmetic operations)• type T is (<>); -- any discrete type (enumeration or • -- integer)• type T is digits <>; -- any floating-point type• type T is delta <>; -- any fixed-point type•Within the generic, the operations that apply to any type of the class can be used.•The instantiation must use a specific type of the classA generic function generic type T is range <>; -- parameter of some integer type type Arr is array (Integer range <>) of T; -- parameter is array of those function Sum_Array (A : Arr) return T; -- Body identical to non-generic version function Sum_array (A : Arr) return T is Result : T := 0; -- some integer type, so literal 0 is legal begin for J in A’range loop -- some array type, so attribute is available Result := Result + A (J); -- some integer type, so “+” available. end loop; return Result; end;Instantiating a generic function type Apple is range 1 .. 2 **15 - 1; type Production is array (1..12) of Apple; type Sick_Days is range 1..5; type Absences is array (1 .. 52) of Sick_Days; function Get_Crop is new Sum_array (Apple, Production); function Lost_Work is new Sum_array (Sick_Days, Absences);generic private types • Only available operations are assignment and equality. generic type T is private; procedure Swap (X, Y : in out T); procedure Swap (X, Y : in out T) is Temp : constant T := X; begin X := Y; Y := Temp; end Swap;Subprogram parameters • A generic sorting routine should apply to any array whose components are comparable, i.e. for which an ordering predicate exists. This class includes more that the numeric types: generic type T is private; -- parameter with function “<“ (X, Y : T) return Boolean; -- parameter type Arr is array (Integer range <>) of T; -- parameter procedure Sort (A : in out Arr);Supplying subprogram parameters • The actual must have a matching signature, not necessarily the same name: procedure Sort_Up is new Sort (Integer, “<“, …); procedure Sort_Down is new Sort (Integer, “>”, … ); type Employee is record .. end record; function Senior (E1, E2 : Employee) return Boolean; function Rank is new Sort (Employee, Senior, …);Value parameters Useful to parametrize containers by size: generic type Elem is private; -- type parameter Size : Positive; -- value parameter package Queues is type Queue is private; procedure Enqueue (X : Elem; On : in out Queue); procedure Dequeue (X : out Elem; From : in out Queue); function Full (Q : Queue) return Boolean; function Empty (Q : Queue) return Boolean; private type Contents is array (Natural range <>) of Elem; type Queue is record Front, Back: Natural; C : Contents (0 .. Size); end record; end Queues;Packages as parameters•If interface includes a type and its operations, the parameter can be a single generic package: generic type Real is digits <>; -- any floating type package generic_complex_types is -- complex is a record with two real components -- package declares all complex operations: +, -, Re, Im... end generic_complex_types;•We also want to define a package for elementary functions (sin, cos, etc.) on complex numbers. We need the complex operations, which are parametrized by the corresponding real value.The instantiation requires an instance of the parameter with generic_complex_types; generic with package compl is new generic_complex_types (<>); package generic_complex_elementary_functions is -- trigonometric, exponential, hyperbolic functions. end generic_complex_elementary_functions;•Instantiate complex types with long_float components: package long_complex is new generic_complex_type