Psychological DisordersDefining AbnormalCulture and PsychopathologyDSM-IVTraditional classification schemeAssessment for Psychological DisordersPsychological TestingMMPI Score Profile (across the 10 diagnostic scales)MMPI Validity ScalesPros and cons of diagnosisModels of AbnormalityThe case of CharlieCharlie viewed by different psychological modelsPsychological disordersUnderstanding psychological disordersComorbidity of DisordersSubstance abuse: AlcoholismAlcoholism and heredityAnxiety DisordersPhobic DisorderPanic AttackObsessive-Compulsive DisorderCauses of anxiety disorders ICauses of anxiety disorders IIMood DisordersMood disorders: Major depressionMajor Depression: Theories/CausesMajor Depression: Environmental factorsMajor Depression: Behavioral/Cognitive TheoriesExplanatory Style and DepressionHelping a suicidal friendSchizophrenic DisordersSchizophreniaPositive symptoms of schizophreniaTypes of SchizophreniaSchizophrenia: Theories/CausesSchizophrenia: Environmental FactorsPersonality DisordersSlide 39Borderline Personality Disorder: SymptomsBorderline Personality Disorder: CausesAntisocial Personality Disorder: SymptomsAntisocial Personality Disorder: CausesSomatoform DisordersSlide 45Sensitivity in HypochondriasisConversion DisordersDissociative DisordersSlide 49Childhood DisordersAutismAttention-Deficit/Hyperactive DisorderADHD Causes©2001 Prentice Hall Psychological DisordersPsychological DisordersI. General OverviewI. General OverviewII. Specific DisordersII. Specific DisordersDefining AbnormalDefining AbnormalWhat it is …What it is …Low statistical frequencyLow statistical frequencySocial deviationSocial deviation40 years ago, if men wore earrings . . .40 years ago, if men wore earrings . . .Maladaptive behavior Maladaptive behavior Disrupted functioning at home, work, and in Disrupted functioning at home, work, and in social lifesocial lifePersonal distressPersonal distressSource of the problem lies within the personSource of the problem lies within the personWhat it’s not …What it’s not …A response to specific life eventsA response to specific life eventsA deliberate reaction to a societal conditionA deliberate reaction to a societal conditionCulture and PsychopathologyCulture and PsychopathologyPsychological disorders are Psychological disorders are somewhat culturally relativesomewhat culturally relativeIn Roman Catholic rural Ireland, In Roman Catholic rural Ireland, schizophrenics have more bizarre schizophrenics have more bizarre religious beliefsreligious beliefsAlaskan Eskimos define someone as Alaskan Eskimos define someone as “crazy” when they drink urine or kill “crazy” when they drink urine or kill dogsdogsAnorexia and bulimia nervosaAnorexia and bulimia nervosaDSM-IVDSM-IVDSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4Mental Disorders, 4thth edition editionMultiaxial (multidimensional) system of Multiaxial (multidimensional) system of diagnosisdiagnosis•Axis I - the clinical syndrome for which a Axis I - the clinical syndrome for which a patient seeks treatmentpatient seeks treatment•Axis II - an enduring personality disorder that Axis II - an enduring personality disorder that may contribute to axis Imay contribute to axis I•Axis III – medical conditionAxis III – medical condition•Axis IV – stressorsAxis IV – stressors•Axis V – global assessment of functioningAxis V – global assessment of functioningTraditional classification schemeTraditional classification schemeNeurosesNeuroses•Has conflicts in relationships, competitivenessHas conflicts in relationships, competitiveness•Rigid, defensive, under-confident at workRigid, defensive, under-confident at work•Reality is slightly distortedReality is slightly distortedPersonality disordersPersonality disorders•Begins and ends relationships too quicklyBegins and ends relationships too quickly•Underemployed, drifting from job to jobUnderemployed, drifting from job to job•Misinterprets interpersonal eventsMisinterprets interpersonal eventsPsychoses: Psychoses: biological etiologybiological etiology•Cannot maintain relationships; socially peculiarCannot maintain relationships; socially peculiar•Chronically unemployedChronically unemployed•Has delusions, hallucinations, etc.Has delusions, hallucinations, etc.Assessment for Assessment for Psychological DisordersPsychological DisordersAssessmentAssessment•Examining a person’s mental, emotional, and Examining a person’s mental, emotional, and behavioral functionsbehavioral functions–The goal is to make a The goal is to make a diagnosisdiagnosis and, from there, and, from there, form a form a prognosisprognosisMental Status ExamMental Status ExamClinical InterviewClinical Interview•Unstructured vs. structured (e.g., SCID)Unstructured vs. structured (e.g., SCID)Neuropsychological testingNeuropsychological testing•Is there some specific brain insult involved?Is there some specific brain insult involved?Psychological testing (see next slide)Psychological testing (see next slide)Psychological TestingPsychological TestingMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory – 2 (MMPI –2)2 (MMPI –2)•Most widely used personality/psychological Most widely used personality/psychological disorders instrumentdisorders instrument•Measures aspects of personality that, if extreme, Measures aspects of personality that, if extreme, suggest a psychological problem suggest a psychological problem •Long test ‑ 567 questionsLong test ‑ 567 questions•Has ten different diagnostic scales (“multiphasic”; Has ten different diagnostic scales (“multiphasic”; see next slide)see next slide)•Scale scores indicate how you compare with Scale scores indicate how you compare with othersothers•Yields a personality profile (see next slide)Yields a personality profile (see next slide)MMPI Score Profile MMPI Score Profile (across the 10 diagnostic scales)(across the 10 diagnostic scales)MMPI Validity ScalesMMPI Validity ScalesFour additional scales are designed to Four additional scales are designed to determine whether respondent is determine whether respondent is presenting self accurately. presenting self accurately. Example: L scale (‘Fake Good’) - Trying Example: L scale (‘Fake Good’) - Trying too hard