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DREXEL CS 451 - 03 Process Models

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CS 451 Software Engineering Winter TermPROCESS MODELPrescriptive ModelsPRESCRIPTIVE MODELSPROCESS MODELSPROCESS MODELS – WATERFALLPROCESS MODELS – WATERFALLPROCESS MODELS – WATERFALLPROCESS MODELS – WATERFALLPROCESS MODELS – INCREMENTAL PROCESS MODELPROCESS MODELS – INCREMENTAL PROCESS MODELPROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL - PROTOTYPINGPROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL - PROTOTYPINGPROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL - PROTOTYPINGPROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL - PROTOTYPINGPROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL – SPRIAL MODELPROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL – SPRIAL MODELPROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL – SPRIAL MODELPROCESS MODELS – SPECIALIZED PROCESS MODEL FORMAL METHODS MODELPROCESS MODELS – SPECIALIZED PROCESS MODEL FORMAL METHODS MODELAgile DevelopmentManifestoAGILE ≠ HACK OUT SOLUTONS! Agile PrinciplesAgile PrinciplesAgile PrinciplesAgile PrinciplesAGILE PROCESS MODELSAgile Process Models EXTREME PROGRAMMINGEXTREME PROGRAMMINGEXTREME PROGRAMMINGEXTREME PROGRAMMINGEXTREME PROGRAMMINGEXTREME PROGRAMMINGSummaryDrexel University 1 CS 451 Software Engineering Winter Term Yuanfang Cai Room 104, University Crossings 215.895.0298 [email protected] University PROCESS MODEL  A structured collection of practices  Describe characteristics of effective process  CMMI is not a process  CMMI describes the characteristics of effective processes 2Drexel University Prescriptive Models 3Drexel University PRESCRIPTIVE MODELS  Regardless of the model, all models contain the following components:  communication  planning  modeling  construction  deployment  Which of these phases do you think is most difficult and in what situations? 4Drexel University PROCESS MODELS  What do you think the most popular process model is?  Waterfall  Incremental  Evolutionary  Formal 5Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – WATERFALL  The “Classic Life Cycle”, The “Textbook Cycle”  A systematic, sequential approach with the following steps:  Customer Specification of Requirements (Communication)  Planning (Estimating, Scheduling, Tracking)  Modeling (Analysis and Design)  Construction (Code and Test)  Deployment (Delivery, Support, and Feedback) 6Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – WATERFALL  The book calls the first phase communication. I do not like this definition as communication must occur at all stages. 7Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – WATERFALL  When is the waterfall process model appropriate?  In a purest sense, probably never. I have never worked on a project that follows a completely linear progression.  However, the waterfall process is appropriate if followed in spirit if not the letter of the model in some situations:  Well defined projects  Projects with no technology risks  Well defined domains  Stable requirements 8Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – WATERFALL  Why is it difficult to follow?  Hard to follow a strictly sequential path.  Customers have difficulty stating ALL the requirements explicitly  Customers business model changes during the course of developing the application  Customers are required to have patience, since a working program is not available until very late in the process. 9Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – INCREMENTAL PROCESS MODEL  Even with well defined projects, a linear approach is often difficult.  Additionally, sometimes a portion of the software needs to be delivered early.  The incremental model combines elements of the waterfall model applied in an iterative fashion.  Incremental model delivers an operational product with each increment.  Works well for project resource management (staffing). 10Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – INCREMENTAL PROCESS MODEL 11Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL - PROTOTYPING  Customers define general objectives, but does not identify the details.  Often, the customer doesn’t know what they want the system to look like.  A repeating cycle of the following steps include:  Communication  Quick Plan  Modeling Quick Design  Construction of Prototype  Deployment & Feedback 12Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL - PROTOTYPING  Depending upon the complexity I recommend a first pass with “Paper Prototypes”.  “Paper” can be virtual with mockups of the application being developed in either a development environment like Visual Studio or even HTML.  Second pass could be a semi functional application with no data connectivity. 13Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL - PROTOTYPING  Third pass for the developers to try any unknown technical issues.  Often good for these prototypes to be used for requirements gathering and to reduce technology risks. Best if the prototype is a throw-away. One good reason to develop your prototype in a different language/system than the final project 14Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL - PROTOTYPING  Drawbacks:  Customers like the prototype and want to place it in production.  Developers forget the design decisions and their mistakes leak into the production system. 15Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL – SPRIAL MODEL  An evolutionary software model that couples the iterative nature of prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the waterfall model.  This is true, but with one addition: risk analysis.  At each cycle through the spiral, milestones are achieved and risk is reevaluated. 16Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL – SPRIAL MODEL 17Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS MODEL – SPRIAL MODEL  Most developers lean towards evolutionary process models.  They have inherent problems:  Prototyping and similar evolutionary models are hard to plan, thus hard to estimate, thus hard to contract. How many cycles will there be?  Speed of evolution is difficult to dictate  Is the third statement true? Why is this a goal? 18Drexel University PROCESS MODELS – SPECIALIZED PROCESS MODEL FORMAL METHODS MODEL  The Formal Methods Model encompasses a set of activities that leads to formal mathematical specification of


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