COMM 335 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 9 16 Chapter 4 Summary Multiple histories are important for empowering different cultural identities Multiple histories include political histories intellectual histories social histories family histories national histories and cultural group histories Histories are constructed through narrative Hidden histories are those typically not conveyed in a widespread manner and are based on race ethnicity gender sexual orientation diaspora colonialism socioeconomic class and religion People bring four elements of personal history to intercultural interactions These include childhood experiences historical myths language competence and memories or recent political events Contact hypothesis suggests that simply bringing people from diverse groups together will only work if certain conditions are met These conditions are that the group members must be of equal status and relatively equal numbers The contact must be voluntary extend beyond the superficial have institutional support and promote similarity and individuation of group members There should also be maximum cooperation among participants A dialectical perspective helps negotiate histories in intercultural interaction Key Terms Political histories written histories that focus on political events Intellectual histories written histories that focus on the development of ideas Social histories written histories that focus on everyday life experiences of various groups in the past Absent history any part of history that was not recorded or that is missing Family histories histories of individual families that are typically passed down through oral stories National history a body of knowledge based on past events that influenced a country s development Cultural group histories the history of each cultural group within a nation that includes for example the history of where the group originated why the people migrated and how they came to develop and maintain their cultural traits Modernist identity the identity that is grounded in the western tradition of scientific and political beliefs and assumptions Grand narrative a unified history and view of humankind Apartheid a policy that segregated people racially in South Africa Hidden histories the histories that are hidden from or forgotten by the mainstream representations of past events Ethnic histories the histories of ethnic groups Racial histories the histories of nonmainstream racial groups Gender histories the histories of how cultural conventions of men and women are created maintained and or altered Sexual orientation histories the historical experiences of gays and lesbians Diaspora a massive migration often caused by war famine or persecution that results in the dispersal of a unified group Diasporic histories the histories of the ways in which international cultural groups were created through transnational migrations slavery religious crusades or other historical forces Colonial histories the histories that legitimate international invasions and annexations Contact hypothesis the notion that better communication between groups is facilitated simply by putting people together in the same place and allowing them to interact Chapter 5 Summary There are three approaches to identity social science interpretive and critical A dialectical view of identity emphasizes that identities are static and dynamic as well as personal and contextual Identities also develop in relation to minority and majority group membership Identities are multiple and reflect gender sexuality age race ethnicity religion class nationality regionality and other aspects of our lives Increasing numbers of multicultural people live on the borders between two or more cultures based on race ethnicity religion and nationality Identity characteristics sometimes form the basis for stereotypes and prejudice Communication plays an important role in identity identities are formed and expressed through communication Key Terms Identity the concept of who we are Impression management theory the ways by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others have of them Individualized identity the sense of self as independent and self reliant Familial identity the sense of self as always connected to family and others Spiritual identity identification with feelings of connectedness to others and higher meanings in life Identity negotiation theory a theory that emphasizes the process of communicating one s own desired identities while reinforcing or resisting others identities as the core of intercultural communication Avowal the process by which an individual portrays himself or herself Ascription the process by which others attribute identities to an individual Core symbols the fundamental beliefs that are shared by the members of a cultural group Labels names or markers used to classify individual social or cultural groups Interpellation the communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity Minority identity a sense of belonging to a nondominant group Majority identity a sense of belonging to a dominant group Gender identity the identification with the cultural notions of masculinity and femininity and what it means to be a man or a woman Sexual identity one s identification with various categories of sexuality Age identity the identification with the cultural conventions of how we should act look and behave according to our age Racial identity identifying with a particular racial group Ethnic identity a set of ideas about one s own ethnic group membership a sense of belonging to a particular group and knowing something about the shared experience of the group Hyphenated Americans U S Americans who identify not only with being U S citizens but also as being members of ethnic groups Religious identity a sense of belonging to a religious group Class identity a sense of belonging to a group that shares similar economic occupational or social status National identity national citizenship Regional identity identification with a specific geographic region of a nation Personal identity who we think we are and who others think we are Chapter 6 Summary The social science approach focuses on individual aspects of language The interpretive approach focuses on contextual aspects of language The critical approach emphasizes the role of power in language use There are different positions on the relationship between