3/24/10!1!The Monocots!We will finish our survey of angiosperms by going back to the basal angiosperms and take a look at the monocotyledons - those possessing one seed leaf.!1. 3 merous flowers!The other main features of the monocots separating them from all other flowering plants are:!The Monocots!We will finish our survey of angiosperms by going back to the basal angiosperms and take a look at the monocotyledons - those possessing one seed leaf.!1. 3 merous flowers!2. Parallel-veined leaves!The other main features of the monocots separating them from all other flowering plants are:!The Monocots!We will finish our survey of angiosperms by going back to the basal angiosperms and take a look at the monocotyledons - those possessing one seed leaf. !The other main features of the monocots separating them from all other flowering plants are:!1. 3 merous flowers!2. Parallel-veined leaves!3. Absence of woody tissue!3/24/10!2!Alismatales and Acorales "- the aquatic monocots!Emergent, floating, or submerged aquatic group of monocots!These are the first diverging monocots!emergent!floating!submerged!Alismatales and Acorales "- the aquatic monocots!Associated with the aquatic habit is the trend from insect-pollinated, showy flowers to water-pollinated, reduced flowers!The group shows increasing effort to vegetative reproduction over sexual reproduction!Showy flowers, insect-pollinated!Reduced unisexual flowers, water-pollinated!Butomaceae - flowering rush family!Emergent aquatic family!Leaves show no obvious blade and petiole differentiation!Flowers in umbels, unsealed carpels at top form follicles!CA 3 CO 3 A 9 G 6!Butomus umbellatus - flowering rush!Alismataceae - water plantain family!Aquatic or wetland family, especially in north temperate regions!Leaves long petioled, often with sagittate-shaped leaves!Tubers starchy, often edible!Sagittaria - arrowhead!3/24/10!3!Alismataceae - water plantain family!Calyx of 3 green sepals, corolla of 3 white petals!Carpels apocarpic!1-seeded achenes!Flowers can be unisexual!CA 3 CO 3 A 6-∞ G 6-∞!Sagittaria - arrowhead!Head of achenes!Alismataceae - water plantain family!Alisma plantago-aquatica - water plantain!Similar to Sagittaria, but with carpels in one ring rather than globose head!Juncaginaceae - arrowgrass family!Aquatic plants of swamps, bogs, or lake edges!Leaves basal, fleshy!Inflorescence terminal spike or raceme!CA 3 CO 3 A 6 G 3,6!Triglochin maritima - arrowgrass!Both species in Wisconsin are considered “special concern” but are often overlooked because of size; this species has 6 carpels, the other 3!Hydrocharitaceae - frog bit family!Submersed or floating aquatic plants!Various forms of water pollination present!Elodea canadensis - waterweed!Our native species of Elodea have whorl of 3 leaves; cultivated and escaped E. densa from Argentina has whorl of 6 leaves!Pollen explodes out and floats!3/24/10!4!Hydrocharitaceae - frog bit family!Vallisneria (tapegrasses, eelgrasses) are composed of two species, one New World, one Old World!Vallisneria americana - tapegrass (with floating flowers)!Vallisneria americana - tapegrass!(with Hydrilla verticillata)!Hydrocharitaceae - frog bit family!Vallisneria americana - tapegrass!Male flower in clusters; female flower single!Pollen water boat floats and attaches to 3 broad stigma of the female flower; flower retracts and forms fruit under water!Vallisneria spiralis - tapegrass (OW)!Note the floating male flowers and one large female with 3 stigmatic areas on a long peduncle!Potamogetonaceae - pondweed family!Aquatic plants with dimorphic leaves!25 species in Wisconsin difficult to identify, hybridize, and some are troublesome weeds!Potomogeton sp. - pondweed!Potamogetonaceae - pondweed family!Perianth of 4 clawed segments if present!Gynoecium typically of 4 free, 1-ovuled carpels!Fruit drupe-like!CA 0,4 CO 0 A 4 G 4!3/24/10!5!Potamogetonaceae - pondweed family!Potomogeton nodosus - pondweed! Flowers (top) and fruits (bottom)!Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family!Large family primarily of the tropics!Mainly epiphytic, others terrestrial, a few aquatic!Vegetative parts often containing raphides in the vacuoles with mucilage; raphides often calcium oxalate - an irritant!Symplocarpus foetidus - skunk cabbage! Arisaema triphyllum - jack-in-the pulpit!CA 0 CO 0 A 6-∞ G (2-3)!Flowers unisexual or perfect!Fruits berries clustered on spadix!Inflorescence a fleshy spadix, surrounded by bract called the spathe!spadix!Spathe!(cut away!Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family!Rotting flesh odor, mottled purple and yellow-green coloration indicate specialized pollination syndrome!Symplocarpus foetidus - skunk cabbage!flesh flies - Sarcophagidae!carrion flies - Calliphoridae!gnats - Mycetophilidae!Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family!Arisaema triphyllum - jack-in-the pulpit![or jill-in-the-pulpit ?]!urban legend!!JACK! JILL!3/24/10!6!Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family!Symplocarpus foetidus - skunk cabbage!Foetid smelling inflorescence emerges early in spring or late winter; attracts carrion flies by heating up and volatizing off the odor!Cabbage-like leaves emerge later in the spring!Onda Y. et.al. Plant Physiol. 2008:146:636-645 Endogenous heating of skunk cabbage (S. renifolius) spadix!Onda Y. et.al. Plant Physiol. 2008:146:636-645 spadix!ambient!Endogenous heating of skunk cabbage (S. renifolius) spadix!Cyclical heating of the skunk cabbage spadix in the male phase!spathe!spadix!3/24/10!7!Araceae - jack-in-the-pulpit family!Calla palustris - water arum!Our emergent aquatic member of the family!Lemnaceae - duckweed family!Floating or submersed aquatic family almost cosmopolitan in distribution; Vegetative reproduction primarily!Now known to be derived from within the Araceae!Lemna minor - small duckweed!Includes the smallest angiosperm, and the smallest flower!Inflorescence reduced to 1 female and 1-2 male flowers!Lemna turionifera - perennial duckweed!Lemnaceae - duckweed family!Wolffia columbiana - water meal!Spirodela polyrhiza!great duckweed!Largest member of the family!Smallest member of the family and the angiosperms!Acoraceae - sweetflag family!Emergent aquatic plants with ethereal oils and no raphides – first diverging monocot!!2 species, one in both the old world and new world; both are in Wisconsin!Acorus americanus - sweet flag!Inflorescence with spathe and spadix, flowers bisexual!3/24/10!8!Lilioid Monocots (Liliales + Asparagales)!The lilioid monocots represent