VERTEBRAL COLUMNGross AnatomyVertebral Column RegionsPrimary Normal CurvaturesSecondary Normal CurvaturesCurvaturesIntervertebral ArticulationsDisc (symphysis)Synovial JointsMotion SegmentCervical VertebraeThoracic VertebraTypical Thoracic VertebraAtypical Thoracic VertebraeLumbar VertebraSacrumSlide 17VERTEBRAL COLUMNVERTEBRAL COLUMNGross AnatomyGross Anatomy28 inches in length28 inches in lengthMedial border of scapula:Medial border of scapula:Runs parallel to vertebral columnRuns parallel to vertebral columnCrosses ribs 2-7Crosses ribs 2-7Vertebral Column RegionsVertebral Column RegionsCervical (7)Cervical (7)Thoracic (12)Thoracic (12)Lumbar (5)Lumbar (5)Sacral (5)Sacral (5)Coccygeal (3-4)Coccygeal (3-4)Primary Normal CurvaturesPrimary Normal CurvaturesPresent at birthPresent at birthConvex posteriorlyConvex posteriorlyExamples:Examples:ThoracicThoracicSacral Sacral Exaggeration:Exaggeration:Kyphosis KyphosisSecondary Normal CurvaturesSecondary Normal CurvaturesAcquired laterAcquired laterConcave posteriorlyConcave posteriorlyExamples:Examples:CervicalCervicalLumbar Lumbar Exaggeration:Exaggeration:Lordosis LordosisCurvaturesCurvaturesScoliosis Scoliosis Spondylosis:Spondylosis:Refer to text: p 496Refer to text: p 496Intervertebral ArticulationsIntervertebral ArticulationsDisc (symphysis)Disc (symphysis)SynovialSynovialSacroiliac:Sacroiliac:Part synovial and part fibrousPart synovial and part fibrousCostal facets and demifacetsCostal facets and demifacetsDisc (symphysis)Disc (symphysis)20-30% of length of the column20-30% of length of the columnThicker in cervical and lumbar regions:Thicker in cervical and lumbar regions:Greater flexibilityGreater flexibilityThinner in thoracic region:Thinner in thoracic region:Reduced flexibilityReduced flexibilityStructure:Structure:Annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)Annulus fibrosus (fibrocartilage)Nucleus pulposus (avascular)Nucleus pulposus (avascular)Synovial JointsSynovial JointsPlane jointsPlane jointsNo joint capsulesNo joint capsulesBetween superior and inferior articulating Between superior and inferior articulating facets:facets:Direction of motion determined by orientation Direction of motion determined by orientation of facetsof facetsMotion SegmentMotion SegmentFunctional unit of the spineFunctional unit of the spineConsists of:Consists of:Two vertebraeTwo vertebraeIntervening soft tissueIntervening soft tissueAnterior segment:Anterior segment:Two bodies, disc, longitudinal ligaments.Two bodies, disc, longitudinal ligaments.Posterior segment:Posterior segment:Two neural arches, apophyseal joints, Two neural arches, apophyseal joints, intervening ligaments.intervening ligaments.Cervical VertebraeCervical VertebraeTransverse foraminae:Transverse foraminae:For vertebral arteriesFor vertebral arteriesOblique articular facetsOblique articular facetsC2-C6 spines usually bifidC2-C6 spines usually bifidC7 = vertebra prominensC7 = vertebra prominensC1 = atlasC1 = atlasC2 = axisC2 = axisThoracic VertebraThoracic VertebraHave ribs attached:Have ribs attached:Bicipital ribs:Bicipital ribs:To centrumTo centrumTo transverse processTo transverse processCentrum is heart-shapedCentrum is heart-shapedArticular facets more horizontalArticular facets more horizontalSpinous processes longer and narrowerSpinous processes longer and narrowerTypical Thoracic VertebraTypical Thoracic VertebraHas two costal demifacets on body:Has two costal demifacets on body:Superior:Superior:For articulation with head of own rib.For articulation with head of own rib.Inferior:Inferior:For articulation with head of inferior rib.For articulation with head of inferior rib.Has costal facets for tubercle of rib on Has costal facets for tubercle of rib on transverse process for own rib.transverse process for own rib.Atypical Thoracic VertebraeAtypical Thoracic Vertebrae#1:#1:Complete costal for own rib.Complete costal for own rib.Inferior costal demifacet on body for rib 2.Inferior costal demifacet on body for rib 2.#10:#10:Complete costal facet on pedicel and body.Complete costal facet on pedicel and body.May have costal facet on transverse process.May have costal facet on transverse process.#11, 12:#11, 12:Costal facet on each pedicle.Costal facet on each pedicle.No costal facets on transverse processes.No costal facets on transverse processes.Lumbar VertebraLumbar VertebraLarge, bulky centrumLarge, bulky centrumBroad spinous processesBroad spinous processesNo rib articulationsNo rib articulationsArticular facets are sagittalArticular facets are sagittalMamillary processes:Mamillary processes:On back rim of each superior articular On back rim of each superior articular process.process.Origins for multifidi.Origins for multifidi.SacrumSacrumConsists of 5 fused vertebraeConsists of 5 fused vertebraeWing-like processes of each vertebra=Wing-like processes of each vertebra=AlaeAlaeFor attachment to iliumFor attachment to iliumLip of body of first sacral vertebra =Lip of body of first sacral vertebra =Sacral promontorySacral promontorySacrumSacrumPosterior crests:Posterior crests:Median crest:Median crest:Fused spinous processesFused spinous processesIntermediate crests:Intermediate crests:Fused articular (zygopophyseal) processesFused articular (zygopophyseal) processesLateral crests:Lateral crests:Fused transverse processesFused transverse processesSacral hiatusSacral