Fuel from the Forest?Gasifiers TypesNG-based or Wood-based MethanolSteam Reforming and Water-Gas-ShiftMethanol SynthesisProblems with Methanol FuelDimethyl-etherDME synthesisFischer-Tropsch ReactionsMethanation ReactionsAvoiding Formation of Pure CarbonBiomass PyrolysisBiomass Pyrolysis ProcessSolvolysisBiogas productionFarm-scale Biogas PlantBiogas YieldBiogas Yield from Various Bio-materialBiogas Production ExampleBiogas Production ExampleHorizontal Biogas DigesterVertical biogas digesterBiogas from agricultural productsUpgrading of Biogas QualityUpgrading of Biogas QualityEthanol Production via FermentationEthanol from Complex SugarsIntegrated Ethanol ProductionEthanol from Agricultural CropsEthanol Production StepsBreaking Complex SugarsEthanol as Automotive FuelVegetable OilsThe Oil PalmOil Palm PlantationsPalm Oil Extraction ProcessHighest Vegetable Oil YieldsThe Canola (raps) PlantStraight oils or biodiesel?BiodieselWell-to-Wheels AnalysisSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterBio Fuel Production Reference: Donald L. Klass, Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels and Chemicals, Academic Press, 1998.http://www.energy.kth.se/compedu/webcompedu/media/Lecture_notes/S1B11C2.pdfhttp://www.energy.kth.se/compedu/webcompedu/media/Lecture_notes/BiomassCombustionStudyPack.pdfSource: Miroslav Petrov @ KTHSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterConversion MethodsSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterFuel from the Forest?Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterGasifiers TypesSource: Ohlström M. et al. “New concepts for biofuels in transportation”, VTT research notes 2074, Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo 2001.Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterNG-based or Wood-based MethanolSynthetic methanol from natural gas or biomass: Source: Ohlström M. et al. “New concepts for biofuels in transportation”, VTT research notes 2074, Technical Research Center of Finland, Espoo 2001.Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterSteam Reforming and Water-Gas-ShiftGas mixture for fuel synthesis (syngas) can be produced from hydrocarbon reforming with steam, or from biomass gasification (preferably oxygen-blown gasification to avoid the presence of inert nitrogen). steam-methane reforming: CH4+ H2O Ù CO + 3H2(very endothermic)The product gas is in reality a mixture of CO, CO2, H2, water vapours, and traces of reactants. It has a high energy value. Product gas from biomass gasification needs to be enriched with hydrogen to the required molar ratio CO/H2for the methanation reaction to proceed. This is done by the “water-gas-shift” reaction, where a certain part of the CO in the product gas is sacrificed to produce H2.water-gas-shift reaction: CO + H2O Ù CO2+ H2(slightly exothermic)Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterMethanol SynthesisThe syngas after the water-gas-shift reaction is fed to the methanol reactor vessel, where on the surface of catalysts the CO and CO2react with H2to form CH3OH mixed with water, also denoted as MeOH. The methanol is then distilled out, which is an energy demanding process. methanol synthesis:CO + 2H2Ù CH3OH (exothermic)CO2+ 3H2Ù CH3OH + H2O (slightly exothermic)If hydrogen from additional source is added to the process, so that carbon is not sacrificed to produce hydrogen, the methanol yield can be doubled.Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterProblems with Methanol FuelMethanol is a perfect fuel for gasoline (Otto) engines or gas turbines. However, there are several major disadvantages with it:• Very toxic• Good solvent Ædilutes old deposits in the fuel system and washes them to the engine, destroys rubber hoses/gaskets/seals…• Corrosive to certain steels• Lower energy per mass/volume ratio compared to gasoline ( ~ two times lower energy value)• Difficult cold start of the engine due to low vapour pressureSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterDimethyl-etherDimethyl ether (DME), CH3OCH3, is a perfect fuel for diesel engines, allowing for high-efficiency energy conversion with very low pollution levels. DME is gaseous at normal conditions, but is a liquid at 6 bar pressure, similar to LPG (propane/butane). The absence of a direct C-C chemical bond in the molecule allows for clean combustion with very low CO emissions and almost without soot formation. DME synthesis reaction: 2CH3OH Ù CH3OCH3(exothermic)Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterDME synthesisDME yield and conversion efficiency for a hypothetic DME production plant in Sweden, based on biomass gasification:Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterFischer-Tropsch ReactionsSource: Mozaffarian, M., Zwart, R.W.R. “Feasibility of biomass/ waste-related SNG production technologies”, report nr: ECN-C--03-066, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2003.Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterMethanation ReactionsSource: Mozaffarian, M., Zwart, R.W.R. “Feasibility of biomass/ waste-related SNG production technologies”, report nr: ECN-C--03-066, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2003.(exothermic reactions)Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterAvoiding Formation of Pure CarbonSource: Mozaffarian, M., Zwart, R.W.R. “Feasibility of biomass/ waste-related SNG production technologies”, report nr: ECN-C--03-066, Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, 2003.Sustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterBiomass Pyrolysis• Pyrolysis is the direct conversion of biomass to liquid (termed bio-oilor bio-crude), solid and gaseous fractions, by heating the biomass in absence of air to around 500°C• Optimized fast pyrolysis (flash pyrolysis) can be used to produce predominantly bio-oil, enabling the conversion of biomass to liquid biofuel with an efficiency of up to 75%.• The problems are the very unstable structure of the bio-oil, its water content, and certain corrosive activity. C10H14O6+ heat energy Î aCO + bCxHy+ cCnHmOq+ dC gas partly condensible char residueSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterBiomass Pyrolysis Processcrushing<8 mmdrying< 10 %Heating~ 1 s~ 500 CCombustion of CO and char residueCondensa-tion of productgasesProduct: 60 -70 % per initialenergy and mass contentparticle separationResidues from the forest industries: wood chips, sawdust, bark, etc...heatFORESTERA™ - pyrolysis reactorgasesnon-condensiblegasesheatSustainable Energy Science and Engineering CenterSolvolysisSolvolysis, followed by catalytic