Psych 350 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Actor-Observer effectII. Motivational BiasesIII. Impression formationIV. The “warm-cold” StudyV. Counter-Factual ThinkingOutline of Current Lecture I. Important TermsII. Changing by persistenceIII. Modern RacismIV. Ambivalent SexismV. Cause of the ProblemVI. Reducing Prejudice and DiscriminationVII. School InterventionVIII. Re-categorizationIX. AttitudesCurrent LectureI. Important Termsa. Stereotype- beliefs that associate a whole group of people with certain traitsb. Prejudice: Negative feelings about others because of their connection to a social groupc. Discrimination: Negative behaviors directed against persons because of their membership in a particular groupsII. Changing by persistencea. In general, stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination are less acceptable than ever beforeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.b. However, problems persist- Examples- Post 9/11 anti Muslim attitudes- Ageism- Sexual orientationIII. Modern Racisma. A form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe and socially acceptableIV. Ambivalent Sexisma. Form of sexism characterized by two very different components- Hostile sexism: Negative, resentful beliefs and feelings- Benevolent sexism: Affectionate and chivalrous, but patronizing beliefs/ feelingsV. Cause of the Problema. #1 group identification- In-groups: groups with which on individual feels a sense of membership, belonging, and identity- Country, religion, political party, etc.- Out-groups: Groups with which an individual does not feel a sense of membership, belonging or identity- Ultimate Attribution Error- People in in-groups are seen more favorably- People in out-groups are seen more negatively- Social Identity theory- Threats to ones self-esteem heighten the need for ingroup favorismb. Super-ordinate goal: A mutually shared goal that can be achieved only through intergroup cooperation, reduces prejudicec. Realistic Conflict Theory- Direct competition for valuable but limited resource breeds hostility between groups- eg. Land, jobs powerVI. Reducing Prejudice and Discriminationa. Allports contact hypothesis- Important conditions- Equal states- Personal Interaction- Cooperative Activities (superordinate goals)- There must e a clean understanding from authorities that prejudice is not acceptedVII. School Interventiona. Educational level is the strongest predictor of level of prejudiceVIII. Re-categorizationa. Shifting the boundary to include out group members in the in-groupb. Challenging stereotypes through greater cognitive effort- Information that’s inconsistent with a schema can be incorporated, but require effortIX. Attitudesa. A positive, negative or mixed reaction to a person, object, or idea expressed of some level of intensityb. How Attitudes are measured- Self report questionnaire- Direct, straight forward- Cheap- May not be accurate for sensitive questionsc. Bogus Pipeline: A pony lie-detector device that sometimes used to get respondents to give truthful answers to sensitive questionsd. Observe behaviore. Facial Electromyograph (EMG): An electronic instrument that records facial muscle activity associated with emotions and attitudesf. Neuroscience research ongoing- Appears that attitudes may be measurable by electrical brain activityg. Implicit Association Test (IAT)- Implicit = unconscious- Measures the speed with which one responds to pairings of conceptsh. How attitudes are formed- Personal experiences- Attitudes of family, friends, enemies, etc.- Social and cultural contexti. Do attitudes predict behavior?- Based on a review of the literature, Wicker (1969) conducted that attitudes and behavior are only weakly correlated- Kraus (1995): “attitudes significantly and substantially predict future behavior”- Theory of planned behaviorj. Other factors that increase the attitude behavior relationship- The stronger the attitude, the greater its impact on intention end behavior- Factors affecting attitude strength: If it affects our self interest Related to deeply held philosophical, political, religious views Attitudes shared by close friends, family, social in-groups