11Police ProcessDae-Hoon KwakMichigan State UniversityCJ 335 Summer 20065/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006Lecture 2American Police History2Outline for the lecture5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• The creation and history of American policeThree Era’s/Models in Police History:1) Political Era (1600 – 1900)2) Professional/Traditional Era (late 1900 – late 1970)3) CP (or COP)/POP (1980 – present)• Comprehend the important changes that have occurred in policing• Explain both the failures and successes of reforms in policing3The Relevance of History5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Knowledge of the development of policing contributes to our understanding of contemporary practices and problems. •Police organization, reforms, and police-community relations (PCR) today are deeply rooted in the past. • The study of police history can:- Dramatize the fact of change- Put current problems into perspective- Help us understand what reforms have worked- Alerts us to the unintended consequence of reform4The English Heritage5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• A Product of English Heritage- The English colonists brought a CJ system as part of their cultural baggage.• Three Enduring Features- Limited police authority (e.g., the Bill of Rights)- Local control of law enforcement agencies- Highly decentralized and fragmented system of Law Enforcement5The English Heritage (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Creation of the Modern Police- Sir Robert Peel, “the FATHER of modern policing”- Established London Metropolitan Police (1829)- Reflected vision of efficient proactive police force- Key elementsa. Mission: crime prevention (deterrence)b. Strategy: preventive patrol(of fixed beats)c. Org. Structure: quasi-military6The English Heritage (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Creation of the Modern Police (cont.)- The essential features of the Modern Police (Bayley)a. Public: responsible for public safetyb. Specialized: mission of law enforcement and crime preventionc. Professional: full-time, paid employees• Two primary features of the English Heritage provided to American Policing:a. Local control – not federal or State (vs. S. Korea)b. Decentralized/Fragmented System – 18,000 PDs27Example: MSU Police Dept.5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Vision and Mission Statement- Vision Slogan: “Committed to courtesy and excellence”- Mission Statement: “The department will provide for a safe, welcome, and orderly campus environment for MSU students, faculty, staff, and visitors; and will provide an ethical, people-oriented work environment where our members may enjoy their jobs, utilize their talents, respect one another and grow as individuals.”- Focus: CP, Courtesy & Excellence, Quality Leadership, Caring Customer Service, and A People Oriented Work Place.8Example: MSU Police Dept. (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Vision and Mission Statement (cont.)- MSU Police 5 Big Problemsa. Police-minority trustb. Technologyc. Parking servicesd. Improving police-student relationse. Internal employee issues9Law Enforcement in Colonial America5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Law Enforcement Institutions-Sheriff(the chief local government official) appointed by colonial governor.a. Law enforcementb. Collect taxesc. Conduct electionsd. Maintain bridges and roads-Constable(originally elected, later appointed)a. Some responsibility for enforcing law and maintaining order10Law Enforcement in Colonial America (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Law Enforcement Institutions (cont.)-Watch : similar to the modern-day policea. Patrolled to guard against Fire, Crime, Disorderb. Originally, only night watch (later, day watch)c. All males were expected to serve-Slave Patrol : A distinctly American form of LEa. Guard against slave revolts and capture runaway slaves.b. The first modern police forces in U.S. 11Characteristics of Colonial Law Enforcement5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006•Inefficient, corrupt, and subject to political interference(no service function)• Crime Control- Little capacity to prevent crime or apprehend offenders- Reactive: did not engage in preventative patrol- Lack of personnel to investigate crime- No convenient way to report crime- Lack of communication among watch members• Order maintenance- Ill-equipped due to lack of personnel- Citizens could not readily report disturbances- Sheriff nor constable could respond effectively12Three Era’s/Models in Police History5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 20061) Political Era (1600 – 1900)- E.g., 1830 – 1900 (Walker & Katz)1840 – 1930 (Kelling & Moore)2) Professional/Traditional Era (late 1900 – late 1970)3) CP (or COP)/POP (1980 – present)313The First Modern American Police5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Modern forces established in 1830s and 1840s- Older system broken down due to urbanization, industrialization, and immigration (e.g., riots between ethnic groups)- Delays in creation of police forces due to memories of hated British, fear of political control, and lack of preparation to pay for public police force- Riots began to break out quite regularly in 1830s (e.g., Boston, NY, Philly)14The First Modern American Police (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006- In 1838, Boston PD – 9 P.O.s (NY created force in 1845)- First P.O.s did not carry firearms until late 1800s in respond to rising violence in cities- Just like the London model of modern policing- Main differences in US compared England.a. U.S. more democratic than Britain: citizens had direct control of governmentb. London: restraint (e.g., physical force), high personnel standards, and strict supervision = “Respect”c. U.S.: Lack of restraint, no personnel standards, and lack of supervision = “Disrespect”15American Policing (1834-1900)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Personnel- Non-existent standards: officers selected on political connections (e.g., patronage system)• Patrol work: was inefficient- Foot patrol: large beats, and little coverage- Lack of communication: difficult for citizens to contact police- Poor supervision• Corruption and politics- Police received payoffs for not enforcing the law- Had to pay to get promoted- Never-ending battle began for who should control PD16American Policing (1834-1900) (cont.)5/17/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• The failure of police reform- Reformers made police corruption a major issue in 19thCen.a. Concentrated on changing structural control of PDs.b. struggle for control reflected divisions along political parties,