1 Lecture 16: Functional Genomics II– High-throughput genetic screens– Insertional mutagenesis– Activation tagging– Enhancer trapping– Modifier screens: enhancer and suppressor screens,synthetic lethal– Yeast Two Hybrid Assay2RNAi all genes on chromosome IIIRNAi all genes on chromosome III--GGöönczynczy, et al, 2000, et al, 2000• Goal: In C. elegans, determinefunction of all 2,300 genes onchromosome III• RNAi constructs made for eachgene• Worms microinjected with double-stranded RNA• Videos made of embryonicphenotypesT7 T3add T3 + T7polymerasepredicted ORFconstruct withpromoter sequencedsRNA3Phenotypes found in RNAi screenPhenotypes found in RNAi screenCytokinesis(phenotypic class C6)Pronuclear migration(phenotypic class C1)Pronuclear/nuclearappearance(phenotypic class B1)Wild type RNAi embryos4Genome screen by feeding wormsGenome screen by feeding wormswith dsRNA expressing with dsRNA expressing E. coliE. coliTuschl Tuschl 2003 2003 NatureNature5Genome-wide RNAi screens in Genome-wide RNAi screens in DrosophilaDrosophila http://http://flyrnaiflyrnai.org.orgA functional genomic analysis of cell morphology using RNA-interference.J Biol. 2003;2(4):27. Epub 2003 Oct 01Kiger AA, Baum B, Jones S, Jones MR, Coulson A, Echeverri C, Perrimon NGenome-Wide RNAi Analysis of Growth and Viability in Drosophila CellsScience. 2004 Feb 6;303(5659):832-5Michael Boutros, Amy Kiger, Susan Armknecht, Kim Kerr, Marc Hild, Britta Koch,Stefan A. Haas, Heidelberg Fly Array Consortium, Renato Paro, Norbert PerrimonParallel Chemical Genetic and Genome-Wide RNAi Screens Identify Cytokinesis Inhibitorsand TargetsPLoS Biol 2(12): e379.Ulrike S. Eggert, Amy Kiger, Constance Richter, Zachary E. Perlman, NorbertPerrimon, TimothyJ. Mitchison, Christine M. FieldFunctional genomic analysis of the Wnt-Wingless Signaling PathwayScience. 2005 Apr 7DasGupta R Kaykas A, Moon RT, Perrimon NTerminal cytokinesis events uncovered after an RNAi screen.Curr Biol. 2004 Sep 21;14(18):1685-93.Echard A, Hickson GR, Foley E, O'Farrell PH.6Genome-wide RNAi screens in mammalian cellsGenome-wide RNAi screens in mammalian cellsA large-scale RNAi screen in human cells identifies new components of the p53pathway.Berns K, Hijmans EM, Mullenders J, Brummelkamp TR, Velds A, Heimerikx M,Kerkhoven RM, Madiredjo M, Nijkamp W, Weigelt B, Agami R, Ge W, CavetG, Linsley PS, Beijersbergen RL, Bernards R. Nature. 2004 Mar25;428(6981):431-7.An approach to genomewide screens of expressed small interfering RNAs inmammalian cells.Zheng L, Liu J, Batalov S, Zhou D, Orth A, Ding S, Schultz PG. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Jan 6;101(1):135-40.7Genome-wide screens in plants, Genome-wide screens in plants, planariaplanaria, , ……RNA Interference Identifies a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Involved inMedicago truncatula Root Development.Ivashuta S, Liu J, Liu J, Lohar DP, Haridas S, Bucciarelli B, VandenboschKA, Vance CP, Harrison MJ, Gantt JS. Plant Cell. 2005Nov;17(11):2911-21. Epub 2005 Sep 30.RNA silencing in plants.Baulcombe D. Nature. 2004 Sep 16;431(7006):356-63. Review.Identification of genes needed for regeneration, stem cell function, and tissuehomeostasis by systematic gene perturbation in planaria.Reddien PW, Bermange AL, Murfitt KJ, Jennings JR, Sanchez Alvarado A.Dev Cell. 2005 May;8(5):635-49.Opening a new can of worms: a large-scale RNAi screen in planarians.Newmark PA. Dev Cell. 2005 May;8(5):623-4.8Classical mutagenesisClassical mutagenesis vs vs. RNAi. RNAi• Diversity of mutations– (point mutations, deletions,inversions, etc.)• Heritable, stable, and quantitative• Saturating the genome requireshitting multiple genes repeatedly• Give each gene equal attention• High throughput• Reasonably equivalent disruption ofeach locus• “Mutations” automatically mapped• Not heritable• Doesn’t generate full depletion oftarget RNA9Insertional mutagenesisInsertional mutagenesisfor both forward and reverse geneticsfor both forward and reverse genetics• Alternative to chromosome walking– To reduce time and effort required to identify mutant gene– Use inserted DNA to identify mutated gene• Inserts randomly in chromosomes• Conventional: DNA inserts disrupt genes• Variations: activation tagging and enhancer trap10Insertional mutagensInsertional mutagens• Transposable elements– Mobile elements jump from introduced DNA• P elements in Drosophila• Single-insertion elements– T-DNA in plants• Once insert, can’t move again11Activation taggingActivation tagging• A variation on insertional mutagenesis– Makes gain-of-function mutations instead ofloss-of-function mutations– An insertion that carries a strong constitutive promoteror enhancer• Potential to identify gene function not detectablethrough loss-of-function screens– Useful for the following cases:• Functionally redundant genes• Genes required for viability12eyelesseyeless gene geneWild typeEctopic expression of eyelesseyelessLoss-of-function vs. gain-of-function usually give opposite phenotypes13Activation tagging in Activation tagging in ArabidopsisArabidopsis• Strong constitutive viral promoter– CaMV 35S• Inserted randomly in genome– With T-DNA• When inserts are near a gene promoter,the following results occur:– Activation– Constitutive expression• Because many genes are expressed inspecific cells or tissues, activation in alltissues can result in abnormal phenotypesgene Xconstitutive expression of gene X35S enhancer35S enhancerT-DNA vector14Activation tagging examples in Activation tagging examples in ArabidopsisArabidopsisIdentification ofgenes required forflowering time (A)and plant leaf andshape (B)D. Weigel’s lab15Gene XGUSMinimal promoterEnhancer of gene XT-DNADr. Tom Jack’s websitehttp://www.dartmouth.edu/~tjack/Enhancer trapping in Arabidopsis16Enhancer trapping in Enhancer trapping in DrosophilaDrosophila• Use transposon P element• Carries reporter gene−GFP• Hops into genome• When lands near enhancer,activates gene expression• Expression similar to that ofneighboring genegene YenhancerP element vectorgene YenhancerGFPGFPTATAP element recognition sites17Enhancer trapping in Enhancer trapping in DrosophilaDrosophila• Reporter gene: Green FluorescentProtein (GFP)• The enhancer trap has inserted into agene expressed in part of the fly eye18ap1-1ap1-1 cal-1ap1-1 cal-1Modifier screen examplecal-1: wild-type lookingap1-1: flower mutantap1-1 cal-1: cauliflower19Yeast Two