1Astronomy 101, Section 1, Midterm 2(Fall 2008, Prof. Tripp)Exam topicsMidterm 2 will cover all of the material discussed in lecture after the first exam. Thesections in the text that correspond to the various lectures are listed in the syllabus, whichcan be downloaded from the course web page. However, we are running a bit behind,and consequently, we have not yet covered the following topics, and these topics will notbe on the second midterm exam: TELESCOPES (units 26, 27, 28). THE DOPPLER EFFECT (unit 182)However, these topics will certainly be on the final exam.Questions from any of the following topics could appear on the exam. In addition tothese topics, there could be a few questions about connections to planetary astronomyrelated to topics that we discussed in lecture such at the water geysers of Enceladus, howto steer the Hubble Space Telescope, or the volcanos of Io.Matter and Energy1. Types of energyWhat are the three major types of energy?What are some examples of each of these types of energy?Unit of energy (Joules) and power (Watts)How does kinetic energy depend on mass and velocity?What is the definition of potential energy, and can you providesome examples?What are the variables that determine gravitational potential energy?What is the difference between energy and power?2. Conservation of energyCan you provide some examples of how energy is conserved?Given a brief story (e.g., the professor dropped a rock on his toe),summarize the types of energy involved and the way that energy isconserved.3. Heat vs. temperatureWhat is the definition of "heat" and "temperature"? What is the differencebetween heat and temperature?How are the Kelvin, Celsius, and Fahrenheit temperature scales defined?What is "absolute zero"? What does this mean on the microscopic scale?4. Mass-energy (E = mc2)What is the relationship between matter and energy?What is mass-energy?What are some real examples of conversion of mass into energy?How much energy can we get out of a given amount of mass?2What are the two processes that convert mass into energy?Roughly how much matter is converted into energy to power a nuclearbomb? A star like the sun?5. Phases of matterWhat are the basic phases of matter?How does the phase of matter depend on the matter's temperature ordensity?What are phase transitions? Vocabulary of phase transitions, e.g.,sublimation.What happens to matter as the temperature is increased?6. Atoms, elements, ions, isotopes, and moleculesWhat's the difference?Can you identify different isotopes of a particular element? An ion?What are the electrical properties of these things? Why is this important?What is the structure of an atom, i.e., how would you describe an atom?What is the approximate size and mass of an atom and its components?What are atomic number and atomic mass number (or atomic weight)?What are the four fundamental forces of nature, and where are these forcesimportant?7. Energy levels in atomsHow do electrons in atoms behave?What do "ground state", "excited state", and "ionization" mean?How are the energy levels connected to the light emitted or absorbed by anatom, and why is this extremely useful?How can an individual atom have potential energy?Laws of Motion1. Speed, velocity, and accelerationWhat's the difference?What is a scalar vs. a vector?2. Acceleration due to gravityWhat is the acceleration due to gravity on Earth? How does this depend onthe mass of the falling object?What is the difference between mass and weight, and what does it mean tobe "weightless"?3. Momentum and ForceHow are these defined?How are they related?How are force, acceleration, and velocity related?What are the implications of conservation of momentum?What are some examples of momentum effects in real life?How does a rocket work?4. The work of Isaac NewtonWhat are Newton's various accomplishments?What are Newton's three laws of motion?Can you think of examples of each of these laws in real life?3How are Newton's three laws of motion related to conservation ofmomentum?What is Newton's univeral law of gravitation?How does the force of gravity depend on mass and distance?How does Newton's work explain Kepler's laws?What are the types of orbits that Newton recognized?5. Angular momentumWhat are angular velocity, angular acceleration, and angular momentum?How does angular momentum depend on mass, velocity, and radius?What are the implications of conservation of angular momentum?What is "torque"?What is the purpose of a "gyroscope"?6. TidesHow do vectors (e.g., force) add up?What causes tides?What are the differences between spring and neap tides?What are several real examples of the effects of tidal friction in the solarsystem?Why do some objects exhibit synchronous rotation?7. Orbits, orbital energy, and escape velocityWhat does it mean to be "in orbit"? How is an object placed "in orbit"?What is orbital energy, and what does it imply about changing orbits?What is an orbital encounter?What is "escape velocity"?How does escape velocity depend on the mass and radius of the planetfrom which the object is trying to escape?Light1. Basic properties of wavesWhat are the definitions of wavelength and frequency, and how are theserelated to the speed of a wave?What is the difference between a "transverse" and a "longitudinal" wave?Sound vs. lightWhat happens when a wave moves?How are light waves fundamentally different from most waves, e.g., soundwaves or waves on a lake? How do light waves move through space?What is a "resonance"? What are some examples of resonance that wediscussed in lecture?2. The dual nature of lightHow is light like a wave but also like a particle?What are photons?What is the relationship between the wavelength, frequency, and speed oflight?What is the relationship between the wavelength, frequency, and theenergy of a light photon?3. SpectroscopyWhat is a spectrum, and how can it be studied?4What are the different types of spectra and how are they produced?What are the properties of objects that produce the different types ofspectra?What are some examples of information that can be extracted fromspectra?What is "white light"?4. The electromagnetic spectrumWhat is "electromagnetic" radiation, and how is it different from "particle"radiation?What are the different types or flavors of light?What are the properties of the different types of light such as wavelength,frequency, and energy?How is the energy carried by light related to its wavelength or frequency?5. Interaction of