17.0147.014Final LectureFinal LectureCommunity EcologyCommunity EcologyAndAndGlobal SustainabilityGlobal Sustainability200720071 species per plot 24 species per plot65554535251 42 6 8 12 24Number of plant species per plotTotal plant cover (%)The Relationship between the Structure and Function of Ecosystems (Tilman experiments)The Relationship between the Structure and Function of Ecosystems (Tilman experiments)More diverse plotMore diverse plothas greaterhas greaterbiomassbiomass0.0– 0.5–1.0–1.50.350.00–0.35–0.70CompletelyresistantCompletelyresilient(a) Resistance to disturbance – What is effect on biomass?(b) Resilience after disturbance – How quickly does it recover?0 5 10 15 20 25 300 5 10 15 20Number of plant species before droughtNumber of plant species 2 years after droughtChange in biomass:Before drought to fouryears afterChange in biomass:One year before drought topeak of droughtDiverseDiversecommunitycommunitymoremoreresistant toresistant todisturbancedisturbanceDiverseDiversecommunitycommunitymoremoreresilientresilientoutliersBiologicalPumpCirculationGeological ReservoirPlantintakeGas exchangebetween air andoceanNet accumulation in oceanRespirationLand usechangesCombustionAfter Post et al., 19985.3100-1200.6-2.690-1201.6-2.4100-115100-115GtC2-450 -350-400 -300 -250 -100-150-200 0-50 50Thousands of years400150200350300250Atmospheric CO2 (ppmV)Ice Core Data Showing Changes inIce Core Data Showing Changes inAtmospheric COAtmospheric CO22 Concentrations ConcentrationsTemperatures Relative to Millennial Average*Mann et al., 1999•2005•1998•2002•2003•2004ranking of the warmest years in the last 100 yearsBiologicalPumpCirculationGeological ReservoirPlantintakeGas exchangebetween air andoceanNet accumulation in oceanRespirationLand usechangesCombustionAfter Post et al., 19985.3100-1200.6-2.690-1201.6-2.4100-115100-115GtC3Courtesy Dave Karlcourtesy of NASALow phytoplanktonHigh PhytoplanktonMedium PhytoplanktonSatellite ImagesModel ResultsAtmospheric iron fluxAtmospheric iron fluxLowLowHighHigh4ControlIron(Fe)P & NSome Ocean Regions HaveAbundant N & P, but Low IronModel ResultsDo an experiment: Add ironDo an experiment: Add iron??5Bares et al 1999 Limnol. Oceanog. 44:287Fe additionsBloom of diatomsIron Enrichment Experiment in Equatorial PacificGive me a half a tanker of ironand I’ll give you the next ice age—John MartinCourtesy Marlene Martin Commercial Ocean Fertilization:Commercial Ocean Fertilization:An emerging industryAn emerging industryIron $$$?••Could itb eCould itb eprof itab le?prof itab le?••Couldw eincreaseexport?Couldw eincreaseexport?••Couldw eq u ant ify /verif y it?Couldw eq u ant ify /verif y it?••Aretheunint end edAretheunint end edconsequencesconsequencesaccep tab le?accep tab le?••Co llateraleffects?Co llateraleffects?6Carbon Trading MarketCarbon Trading MarketBurn MoreBurn MoreFossil FuelFossil FuelCO2Bury Carbon inBury Carbon inthe Ocean?the Ocean?CO2Sequestered CarbonCarbon Offset CreditsIronFertilizationFertilizationIndustryIndustrywww.planktos.com• 10 Patents filed• R&D Mission:“…Develop formulationsto manage and enhancephytoplanktonproductivity and carbonexport….”IronIronOrganic COrganic CPhytoplanktonPhytoplanktonBloomBloomCOCO2 2 + regenerated + regenerated nutrients nutrientsLowLowOxygenOxygenwaterswatersOO22OO22OO22OO22••Chang esinspeciescom p ositio nChang esinspeciescom p ositio n••Chang esinm icrobialactivityChang esinm icrobialactivityIronIronOrganic NOrganic NPhytoplanktonPhytoplanktonBloomBloomNHNH44N N remineralizationremineralizationCOCO22NONO33--MicrobialDenitrificationMicrobialNitrificationNN22NN2200Nitrous oxideNitrous oxide• Greenhouse gas• 300x CO2Low Oxygen Low Oxygen WatersWaters7Vaclav SmilRed ucedRed ucedproductivityproductivityherehereAfter 1500 Years After 1500 Years ……Anoxia in TropicsAnoxia in TropicsGnanad esikanGnanad esikanunp ub lunp ub l..an o xicEcosystemEcosystemservices haveservices havemonetarymonetaryvaluevalue8Ecosystem Services Ecosystem Services ––worth worth $33 trillionpollination of cropspollination of cropsrecycling nutrientsrecycling nutrientsdecompose wastedecompose wastedisperse seedsdisperse seedscontrol pestscontrol pestsgenerates, renews soilsgenerates, renews soilspurify air and waterpurify air and watermoderates weathermoderates weatherGlobal GNP is $18 trillion per yearGlobal GNP is $18 trillion per yearBio Bio DaVersityDaVersity Code Code•• http://http://www.daversitycode.comwww.daversitycode.com//9Planet EarthPlanet EarthDiscovery ChanelDiscovery Chanel•• TrailerTrailergo to trailer on web
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