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UT Knoxville BCMB 230 - Classification of Neurotransmitters
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BCMB 230 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I.Review of Last LectureII.The Last Membrane PotentialIII.Neurotransmitter Storage and ReleaseOutline of Current Lecture I.Classification of NeurotransmittersII.Biogenic AminesIII.Drugs associated with NeurotransmittersIV.Peripheral Nervous SystemCurrent LectureI. Classification of NeurotransmittersAcetylcholine (ACh)-very commonBiogenic amines-neurotransmitters derived from an amino acid-Catecholamines-all made from the amino acid tyrosine-Dopamine (DA)-Norepinephrine (NE)-Epinephrine (Epi)-Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamin, 5-HT)-made from tyrptophan-Histamine (has different functions depending on where it is released from; more likely to be a paracrine agent)Amino Acids-Excitatory amino acids (ex. glutamate)-Inhibitory amino acids (ex. gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine)-amino acid not used for protein synthesisNeuropeptides-varies in size (ex. endogenous opioids, oxytocin, tachykinins)Gases-(ex. nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide)-nitric oxide functions within cardiovascular system as both a neurotransmitter and a paracrine agent)Purines (ex adenosine and ATP)-metabolic byproductsII. Biogenic AminesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Acetylcholine-made from choline and acetyl CoA-can get rid of acetylcholine using an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase which limits how muchit is going to reactTwo classes of receptors that bind to acetylcholine:-cholinergic receptorsCan be divided into two kinds:-nicotinic receptors-ligand gated channels, a Na+ and K+ channel that causes depolarization; tends to be excitatory-muscarinic receptors-signal transduction mediated by a G protein; can activate multiple types; can cause depolarization or hyperpolarization; can be excitatory or inhibitoryCatecholamine-all made from amino acid tyrosine-tyrosineintermediatedopaminenorepinephrineepinephrine-norepinephrine and epinephrine have similar structures so will bind to same enzyme-when neurotransmitters, more norepinephrine than epinephrine-when hormones, more epinephrine than rnorepinephrine-Monoamineoxidase is the enzyme that breaks down catecholamine into epinephrine and norepinephrine (and to a smaller extent, serotonin)Adrenergic receptors-alpha-uses a variety of G proteins, uses a variety of second messengers, can be excitatory or inhibitory-beta-uses G proteins but then uses cyclic AMP as a second messengerSeratonin-largely controlled by a re-uptake transporter-class of drugs called SSRI- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors-increase level or production of serotonin because it is not being broken downIII. Drugs Associated with NeurotransmittersAgonist: binds to a receptor and mimics the action of a neurotransmitter, initiating signal transductionAntagonist: binds to a receptor but does not initiate signal transduction; blocks neurotransmitters from binding-drugs can influence enzymes or proteins to increase degradation or removal of neurotransmittersEpinephrine and norepineprhine -correct levels of norepinephrine and serotonin cause a good mood-some drugs are used to level out if there is an imbalance-increase levels of norepinephrine and serotonin by blocking enzymes and transporters-monoamineoxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)-stops breakdown of norepinephrine, sometimes serotonin; causes an elevation of mood-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)-stop reuptake of serotonin neurotransmitters-are very much involved in the sympathetic nervous system and can be increased by exercise-to increase serotonin without drugs, eat foods with tryptophan-an amino acid that is largely dietaryIV. Peripheral Nervous SystemSomatic Motor-skeletal muscle control-excitatory-all or none-have a single cell, a single neuron (one fiber path) that comes from the muscle and goes to the CNS-neurons release ACh which goes to the skeletal muscle (effector) which has a nicotinic receptor on itVisceral Motor (Autonomic)-smooth/cardiac muscle or glands -excitatory or inhibitory (on different cells)-graded response-two fiber/two neuron path in PNS-have a preganglionic fiber and postganglionic fiber-CNS to ganglion that synapses to two neurons (fibers pre and post) which then leads to the smooth or cardiac muscles, glands, or other cells-synapse is in the ganglion-sympathetic and parasympathetic-sympathetic-gets body ready for something, fight or flight-in the vicera and face but also the skin and blood vessels throughout the body (blood vessels out in skeletal muscle)-ganglia close to CNS-distribution system allows for sympathetic nerves originating in the thoracic, lumbar sections of the spinal cord to go anywhere in the body-parasympathetic-does opposite, rest/digest-largely in the vicera (gut) and the face (where the effectors are)-glanglion close to effector-distribution system is cranial/sacral-if one is the accelerated, the other is going to be the brake-preganglionic autonomic fibers release acetylcholine-postganglionic autonomic fibers have nicotinic receptors on dendrites-parasympathetic postganglionic fibers release AcH-parasympathetic effectors have mascrine receptors-sympathetic postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine-sympathetic effectors have alpha or beta adrenergic receptorsPathways of nerve controls-vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)-comes out of the brain and goes to the vicera-phrenic nerve-comes from the neck and goes to the diaphragm, somatic motor (phrenic nerve controls diaphragm)-sympathetic trunk-distribution system that allows us to get sympathetic nerves


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UT Knoxville BCMB 230 - Classification of Neurotransmitters

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