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CSUN PSY 427 - Theories of Intelligence 1

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Theories of Intelligence I: The Binet ScalesDefining IntelligenceSlide 3Slide 4Instigating Intelligence TestingTwo Early PrinciplesSlide 7General Mental AbilitySpearman’s gPowerPoint PresentationOther Theories of IntelligenceSlide 12Slide 13Slide 14Binet Scales: HistoryBinet’s BeginningsSlide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22The Modern Binet ScalesHierarchical Structure of SB4The SB4 Intelligence Model: The SubtestsSlide 26The SB4: 15 SubtestsSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33SB4 Scoring SubtestsThe Four SB4 ScalesSB4 Scales and ScoresAdvantages of the SB4Disadvantages of the SB4Hierarchical Structure of SB5Scoring of the SB5The SB5 Intelligence Model: The SubtestsThe SB5: 10 SubtestsSlide 43Changes from SB4 to SB5Slide 45Form BoardsSB5 InformationSlide 48Psy 427Cal State NorthridgeAndrew Ainsworth PhDLike any concept in psychology one of the principal challenges is defining intelligenceIn the face of this challenge there are many working definitions of intelligence proposed2Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Binet“ the tendency to take and maintain a definite direction; the capacity to make adaptations for the purpose of attaining a desired end, and the power of autocriticism”SpearmanThe ability to educe either relations or correlatesGardnerThe ability “to resolve genuine problems or difficulties as they are encountered”3Cal State Northridge - Psy 427There are many definitions and each tends to portray a general theory followed by the researcherThree independent research traditions in the study of intelligencePsychometric – test structure (this and next chapter)Information processing – learning and problem solving (Chapter 15)Cognitive Approaches – adaptation to real-world demands (Chapter 15)4Cal State Northridge - Psy 427In France at the end of the 19th centuryFrench minister made a controversial decision to try and identify intellectually limited children in order to remove them from regular classesSupposedly, so they could receive specialized training to help bring them up to the intellect of their same-aged counterparts1904 the minister appoints a committee to recommend a procedure for identifying intellectually limited children5Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Age differentiationone can differentiate older children from younger children based upon their mental capacitiesolder children have greater skills than younger childrenMental age – knowledge and task ability of a specific age groupThese abilities were assess and each respondent compared in the pastToday IRT is used to calculate the ability levels6Cal State Northridge - Psy 427General Mental Abilityintelligence may be composed of several individual factors, butBinet was interested in measuring the sum total of them allConsidered general intelligence7Cal State Northridge - Psy 427First proposed by Galton (Hereditary Genius)Also independently proposed by Charles SpearmanIntelligence consists of one general factor (g) plus a large number of specific factors8Cal State Northridge - Psy 427g acts like a single general factorThe higher some scores on g the higher they are on the specific intelligencesApproximately 50% of the variance in a set of diverse mental tests is represented by the g factorSpearman developed factor analysis because he noticed that most, seemingly unrelated, abilities were positively correlated; this is known as positive manifold9Cal State Northridge - Psy 427S = verbal ability, math ability, visual spatial relations, vocabulary, etc.10Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Howard Gardner – Multiple IntelligencesEight different kinds of intelligenceLinguistic: the ability to use with clarity the core operations of languagepoliticiansLogical-Mathematical: logical, mathematical, and scientific abilityscientistsIntrapersonal: the ability to form an accurate model of oneself and to use that model to operate effectively in lifetherapists, novelists11Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Howard Gardner – Multiple IntelligencesEight different kinds of intelligenceInterpersonal: the ability to notice and make distinctions among other individuals’ moods, temperaments, motivationspoliticians, religious leaders, therapistsMusical: the ability to use the core set of musical elements (pitch, rhythm, timbre)musicians, singers, composersSpatial: the capacity to perceive the world accurately and to recreate one’s visual experiencesailors, engineers, sculptors, painters12Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Howard Gardner – Multiple IntelligencesEight different kinds of intelligenceBodily-kinesthetic: control of one’s bodily motions and the ability to handle objects skillfullyactors, dancers, acrobats, athletesNaturalistic: the ability to comprehend, classify and understand things encountered in the world of naturefarmers, ranchers, animal handlers, zoo keepers13Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Horn & Noll (1977): gf-gcgf: fluid intelligencethose abilities that allow us to reason, think, and acquire new knowledgeallows us to learn new thingsgc: crystallized intelligenceknowledge and understanding that we have acquired“combined wisdom”14Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Cal State Northridge - Psy 427 15Binet begins with a unitary g model, one intelligence, in 1905.30 items, age scale3 levels of intellectual deficiencyIdiot – most severe impairmentImbecile – moderate impairmentMoron – mild impairmentProblems Question of unitSmall normative sample (50 children)Limited Validity16Cal State Northridge - Psy 4271908: age scale continuesIntroduction of the term “mental age”Described the level which an individual could reach on the 1908 scaleIf you can perform tasks (e.g. answer questions) that can be performed by 2/3 to 3/4 of average 10 year olds, then you get a mental age of 10Still, problems with single score & heavy verbal requirement17Cal State Northridge - Psy 4271916: Binet’s test comes to the United States (via Louis Terman of Stanford)Increased standardization sample (although all children in sample were white, native-californians)Retained the notion of age differentiation (used an age scale)Retained the notion of mental age18Cal State Northridge - Psy 4271916: Binet’s test comes to the United States (via Louis Terman of


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