Theories of Intelligence I: The Binet ScalesDefining IntelligenceSlide 3Slide 4Instigating Intelligence TestingTwo Early PrinciplesSlide 7General Mental AbilitySpearman’s gPowerPoint PresentationOther Theories of IntelligenceSlide 12Slide 13Slide 14Binet Scales: HistoryBinet’s BeginningsSlide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22The Modern Binet ScalesHierarchical Structure of SB4The SB4 Intelligence Model: The SubtestsSlide 26The SB4: 15 SubtestsSlide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33SB4 Scoring SubtestsThe Four SB4 ScalesSB4 Scales and ScoresAdvantages of the SB4Disadvantages of the SB4Hierarchical Structure of SB5Scoring of the SB5The SB5 Intelligence Model: The SubtestsThe SB5: 10 SubtestsSlide 43Changes from SB4 to SB5Slide 45Form BoardsSB5 InformationSlide 48Psy 427Cal State NorthridgeAndrew Ainsworth PhDLike any concept in psychology one of the principal challenges is defining intelligenceIn the face of this challenge there are many working definitions of intelligence proposed2Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Binet“ the tendency to take and maintain a definite direction; the capacity to make adaptations for the purpose of attaining a desired end, and the power of autocriticism”SpearmanThe ability to educe either relations or correlatesGardnerThe ability “to resolve genuine problems or difficulties as they are encountered”3Cal State Northridge - Psy 427There are many definitions and each tends to portray a general theory followed by the researcherThree independent research traditions in the study of intelligencePsychometric – test structure (this and next chapter)Information processing – learning and problem solving (Chapter 15)Cognitive Approaches – adaptation to real-world demands (Chapter 15)4Cal State Northridge - Psy 427In France at the end of the 19th centuryFrench minister made a controversial decision to try and identify intellectually limited children in order to remove them from regular classesSupposedly, so they could receive specialized training to help bring them up to the intellect of their same-aged counterparts1904 the minister appoints a committee to recommend a procedure for identifying intellectually limited children5Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Age differentiationone can differentiate older children from younger children based upon their mental capacitiesolder children have greater skills than younger childrenMental age – knowledge and task ability of a specific age groupThese abilities were assess and each respondent compared in the pastToday IRT is used to calculate the ability levels6Cal State Northridge - Psy 427General Mental Abilityintelligence may be composed of several individual factors, butBinet was interested in measuring the sum total of them allConsidered general intelligence7Cal State Northridge - Psy 427First proposed by Galton (Hereditary Genius)Also independently proposed by Charles SpearmanIntelligence consists of one general factor (g) plus a large number of specific factors8Cal State Northridge - Psy 427g acts like a single general factorThe higher some scores on g the higher they are on the specific intelligencesApproximately 50% of the variance in a set of diverse mental tests is represented by the g factorSpearman developed factor analysis because he noticed that most, seemingly unrelated, abilities were positively correlated; this is known as positive manifold9Cal State Northridge - Psy 427S = verbal ability, math ability, visual spatial relations, vocabulary, etc.10Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Howard Gardner – Multiple IntelligencesEight different kinds of intelligenceLinguistic: the ability to use with clarity the core operations of languagepoliticiansLogical-Mathematical: logical, mathematical, and scientific abilityscientistsIntrapersonal: the ability to form an accurate model of oneself and to use that model to operate effectively in lifetherapists, novelists11Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Howard Gardner – Multiple IntelligencesEight different kinds of intelligenceInterpersonal: the ability to notice and make distinctions among other individuals’ moods, temperaments, motivationspoliticians, religious leaders, therapistsMusical: the ability to use the core set of musical elements (pitch, rhythm, timbre)musicians, singers, composersSpatial: the capacity to perceive the world accurately and to recreate one’s visual experiencesailors, engineers, sculptors, painters12Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Howard Gardner – Multiple IntelligencesEight different kinds of intelligenceBodily-kinesthetic: control of one’s bodily motions and the ability to handle objects skillfullyactors, dancers, acrobats, athletesNaturalistic: the ability to comprehend, classify and understand things encountered in the world of naturefarmers, ranchers, animal handlers, zoo keepers13Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Horn & Noll (1977): gf-gcgf: fluid intelligencethose abilities that allow us to reason, think, and acquire new knowledgeallows us to learn new thingsgc: crystallized intelligenceknowledge and understanding that we have acquired“combined wisdom”14Cal State Northridge - Psy 427Cal State Northridge - Psy 427 15Binet begins with a unitary g model, one intelligence, in 1905.30 items, age scale3 levels of intellectual deficiencyIdiot – most severe impairmentImbecile – moderate impairmentMoron – mild impairmentProblems Question of unitSmall normative sample (50 children)Limited Validity16Cal State Northridge - Psy 4271908: age scale continuesIntroduction of the term “mental age”Described the level which an individual could reach on the 1908 scaleIf you can perform tasks (e.g. answer questions) that can be performed by 2/3 to 3/4 of average 10 year olds, then you get a mental age of 10Still, problems with single score & heavy verbal requirement17Cal State Northridge - Psy 4271916: Binet’s test comes to the United States (via Louis Terman of Stanford)Increased standardization sample (although all children in sample were white, native-californians)Retained the notion of age differentiation (used an age scale)Retained the notion of mental age18Cal State Northridge - Psy 4271916: Binet’s test comes to the United States (via Louis Terman of
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