MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience Fall 2007 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.Emotion Sebastian SeungEmotions • love/hate • gratitude • lust • resentment • disgust • trust • pride/shame • approval/disdain • generosity/envy • fear • innocence/guilt • anger • anxietyEmotional expression in animals • Standing at full height • Arched back • Hair standing on end • Ears drawn back • Teeth exposed • Spit, hiss, or growl Charles Darwin, The expression of the emotions in man and animals, 1872Emotional expression in humans anger fear happiness sadness surprise Japanese Female Facial Expression (JAFFE) Database http://kasrl.org/jaffe.htmlCourtesy of Michael J. Lyons. See Lyons, Michael J., Shigeru Akamatsu, Miyuki Kamachi, and Jiro Gyoba. "Coding Facial Expressions with Gabor Wavelets." Proceedings, Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition. Nara Japan, IEEE Computer Society, (April 14-16, 1998): 200-205.Emotional expression in robots Images removed due to copyright restrictions.Photos of Kismet with different facial expressions.See http://www.ai.mit.edu/projects/humanoid-robotics-group/kismet/kismet.html.Two aspects of emotion • Expression – behavioral • blushing, laughing, crying, running – physiological • heart rate, skin conductance, neural activity • Experience – subjective feelings of humans – linguistic, consciousThe amygdala is in the medial temporal lobe • Emotional effects of temporal lobe lesions may be due to loss of amygdala. Image removed due to copyright restrictions.See Figure 18.6a in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors,and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain.3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.The amygdala is a fear center • bilateral lesions – reduce fear and aggression • electrical stimulation – produce fear (as well as other emotions) • fMRI – activation when viewing fearful facesS.M. • bilateral amygdala damage • impaired recognition of fear in others • impaired fear learning • impaired social judgmentsFear learning • fear response – US: foot shock – UR: change in heart rate • pair tone (CS) with shock • tone (CS) by itself evokes fear responseNeural basis of fear learning • neurons in central nucleus of amygdala – no response to tones prior to training – increased response to aversive tone – unchanged response to benign tone • training reversed by lesions of amygdala • human fMRI: recall of emotional memories is associated with enhanced amygdala responseConnections allow a stimulus to produce a fear response • basolateral: important input region • central: important output region Image removed due to copyright restrictions.See Figure 18.9 in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors,and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain.3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.Types of aggression • Predatory (for food) – few vocalizations • Affective (for show) – vocalizations – threatening/defensive posture – activation of sympathetic ANS – example: cat hissing and arching its backBrain transections and sham rage • sham rage – triggered very easily – not followed by attack • posterior hypothalamus is essential Image removed due to copyright restrictions.See Figure 18.10 in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors,and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain.3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.Rage from electrical stimulation • medial hypothalamus – affective aggression – threat attack ateral hypothalamus – predatory aggression – silent biting attack Photos removed due to copyright restrictions.See Figure 18.11 in Bear, Mark F., Barry W. Connors,and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain.3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.• lSee this image in Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=75NgwLzueikC&pg=PA563&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0#PPA580,M1A neural circuit for aggression Cerebral cortexAmygdalaHypothalamusPAG, ventraltegmental areaAggressive behaviorFigure by MIT OpenCourseWare. After Figure 18.12 in Bear, MarkF., Barry W. Connors, and Michael A. Paradiso. Neuroscience: Exploringthe Brain. 3rd ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2007.Attachment Selective and enduring social interactionInfant to mother • Konrad Lorenz: imprinting • Harry Harlow – cloth and wire mother surrogates Photo removed due to copyright restrictions.Small monkey with cloth and wire mother surrogates.Mother to infant • hormone oxytocin • involved in – labor – breastfeedingThe vole as a model system for pair-bonding • Prairie vole • Meadow vole • Pair-bonding • Promiscuous – pair lives in one nest • Asocial – male and female – isolated nest cooperate in parenting – males do not parent – females parent littleOxytocin and vasopressin • Peptides of nine amino acids – differ in two amino acids • Released in mothers by labor and breastfeeding • In voles, copulation releases oxytocin (females) and vasopressin (males)Partner preference formation • Prairie females prefer previous partner male. • This preference is eliminated or reversed by oxytocin antagonists. Image removed due to copyright restrictions.Diagram and graph.Species differences may arise from receptor distributions • Prairie voles have more oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbens and related areas. • Meadow vole males have been genetically engineered to prefer partners by overexpressing vasopressin receptors in the ventral pallidumUltimatum game • Proposer – proposes a division of the money • Responder – accepts or rejects • Rejection result in both getting nothing.Behaving irrationally can be a rational strategy!Unfair – fair offer • bilateral anterior insula • prefrontal cortex Sanfey et al. Science (2003). • anterior cingulate cortex Pair of brain fMRI images removed due to copyright restrictions.See Fig. 2 in Sanfey, A. G., et al. "The Neural Basis of EconomicDecision-Making in the Ultimatum Game." Science 300, no. 5626(2003): 1755.Lovers - friends • middle insula • anterior cingulate • hippocampus • caudate/putamen • cerebellum Bartels and Zeki, The neural basis of