12 7 SI A Ecl 365 Feeding Ecology 1 Vertebrate life depends upon successful a Feeding 2 What are the two main categories of feeding adaptations a Structural and behavioral adaptations 3 What are the structural feeding adaptations found in fish a Different jaw shapes cranial kinesis major jaw and head movements pharyngeal jaws 4 What are structural feeding adaptations found in amphibians a Projectile tongue s salamanders have tongue retraction muscles anchored to pelvis 5 What are the structural feeding adaptations found in reptiles a Tongue projection cranial kinesis unlocking jaws snakes 6 What are structural feeding adaptations found in birds a Beaks of different shapes 7 What are structural feeding adaptations found in mammals a Squamosal dentary jaw articulation more muscles attached to jaw for stronger bite heterodont dentition mammary glands 8 True False All vertebrates utilize essentially the same type of behavior strategies for obtaining their food a False Different vertebrates adopt different behavioral strategies for obtaining their food 9 What are the foraging cycles according to Holling 1959 a Cycle of search pursue attack capture handle 10 What are the foraging cycles according to Endler 1986 a Encounter detect identify approach subjugate consume 11 Approach means and subjugation means a Attack capture 12 What are the categories of search Describe each a Active or cruise continuous search while moving b Ambush sit and wait c Saltatory alternation between ambush and cruise modes depending upon habitat 13 True False Animals living in groups can gain information on food location from other individuals a True 14 What happens during pursuit a Places predator within striking distance of prey 15 What are two extreme speeds of pursuit a Fast and slow 16 What happens during handling why do some individual require handling a Larger prey or those with chemical or anatomical defenses require manipulation disarticulation dissection b Removes defensive structures e g seed coat clam shell etc c Reduces prey to size that can be swallowed 17 What does OFT stand for a Optimal Foraging Theory 18 What is the OFT a Animals will forage in a way that maximizes the ratio of benefits to costs profitability 19 What are benefits of foraging for food a energy nutrition obtained b growth increased 20 What are costs of foraging for food a energy or time expended b e g searching capturing handling exposure to possible injury 21 What are the components of OFT a Optimal diet and foraging efficiency 22 What are the rules for selecting an optimal diet a Food quantity and profitability determine choice i Prefer more profitable items ii Feed more selectively when profitable items abundant i e be more specialized iii Include less profitable items in diet when profitable items scarce i e be more opportunistic generalist 23 What questions that are considered in regards to foraging efficiency a Where to forage patch b For how long 24 What does the marginal value theorem consider or evaluate a Richness of food in patch b Time required to get to patch c Time required to extract the resource 25 Draw the marginal value theorem graph in the box below and label the parts of the graph a 26 Too short of a stay in a patch leads to of patch a Inefficient use of patch 27 Too long of a stay the patch resources a Depletes 28 Circle one As travel time between patches increases stay in each patch increases decreases a Increases 29 What are the predictions of the OFT a Forage in areas where food is most abundant b Leave when searching is no longer rewarding c Select most profitable items first d Leave poor items until last e Travel no further than necessary to feed 30 How do we test for OFT a Need to know exactly what animals eat b Know relative availability of foods in habitat c Know energy value of each item d Know handling time costs associated with each item 31 What are reasons the predictions for the OFT may not fully be met or that there are deviations from the predictions a Other factors important besides energy b e g predation risk c Rich patches increased competition with others smaller rewards d Animals may need to sample the environment so time spent in patch larger than predicted e Conflicting demands e g feeding vs incubating eggs 32 What are limitations of the theory a Expectation that animals will choose patches in order of their profits or take only optimal food and ignore the rest b The real world does not always function like the laboratory patch quality varies over time and space c Animals are opportunists 33 34 35 36 37