Geography 202 section 5021. Diversity amid GlobalizationFive Hegemonies in 500 yearsTwo Types of DiversityThe Twelve World Regions (1:15)World RegionsWorld Trade Organization (1:10)World Trade OrganizationThe Global Drug Trade (1:6)Global Illicit Trade/TerrorismDefining the Region: the Metageography of World RegionsWorld Population (1:22)World PopulationDemographic Indicators (Table 1:1, 3rd edn.)Demographic Indicators (Table 1:1, 4th edn.)Demographic IndicatorsPopulation Pyramids (1:25)Population PyramidsDemographic Transition (1:26)Demographic TransitionGrowth of World Cities (1:29)World CitiesThe Main Measures of CultureWorld LanguagesWorld Religions (1:38)World ReligionsNations without a State (1:42)Rise of the Nation-StateNations without StatesReasons for War (casus belli)The Colonial World 1914 (1:44)Colonial WorldTable 1.2: Development Indicators of the Largest 10 Countries, 3rd edn.Table 1.2: Development Indicators of the Largest 10 Countries, 4th edn.World GNI per capita (1:47)GNI/PPP per capitaSocial Indicators (Table 1:3--folded into Table 1:2 in 4th edn.)Social indicatorsGeography 202 section 502•Course material is available on the web: http://geog.tamu.edu/~pjhugill/•If you have problems with that go to geography.tamu.edu, to directory, to faculty, to Peter J. Hugill, and to Geography 202 •For all course policies, dates etc. see course outline (on the web)•My office hours are TR 4-5 pm, Eller O&M 803C, or by appt.•Please e-mail me only if its urgent. If its not from a Neo account I usually won’t read it!1. Diversity amid GlobalizationWorld Regions; Demographics;Cultures; Geopolitics; EconomiesFive Hegemonies in 500 years•(1) Portugal-mid 1500s•(2) Holland-mid1600s•(3) Britain I-mid 1700s (ended 1776)•(4) Britain II-mid 1800s (1815-83)•(5) USA-mid 1900s (1945-73)•(6) USA II???Two Types of Diversity•Diversity over Space--what geographers call “areal differentiation” or, why different world regions differ (culture & history).•Diversity over Time--or, the past is not a perfect guide to the future (although we should not ignore it!) Much of the success of leaders such as FDR & Churchill came from knowing history--failure of Hitler and Lenin for thinking they could reinvent it.The Twelve World Regions (1:15)World Regions•What defines a region? •Part physical, part human geography•Physical regions at this scale largely defined by plate tectonics•Some physical regions climatic, others based on vegetation--at sub-tectonic level•Part economic, part cultural geography•Part legal, part illegal trade•Part political (internal), part geopolitical (external)World Trade Organization (1:10)World Trade Organization•WTO Single most powerful NGO•Nation-States increasingly have ceded power to supra-national political organizations (EU, NATO) & NGOs•NGOs date to “new nationalism” of late 1800s, needed to manage resources across state boundaries (time zones came first!)•World increasingly a mosaic of NGOs•Reflects legal component of world-economyThe Global Drug Trade (1:6)Global Illicit Trade/Terrorism•Reflects that component of world-economy operated by non-state actors•Slavery, prostitution, drugs, pornography were legal in past. Middle class nation-states made them increasingly illegal•Terrorism is a response to the emergence of the nation-state•Slavery, prostitution, drugs, pornography, & terrorism are downsides of globalization (but getting rid of globalization won’t make them go away since there is demand/support for them!)Defining the Region: the Metageography of World Regions•Physical Characteristics•Areally Compact•Common Geological History•Common Climate•Common Vegetation•Human Characteristics•Common History•Common Economic Activity•Common Language•Common Religion•Common Political System•Common GeopoliticsWorld Population (1:22)World Population•Two regions dominate world population map: China & India•Global population currently 6 billion and rising fast•Almost all rise is in less-developed world•Traditional model of control through economic developmentDemographic Indicators (Table 1:1, 3rd edn.)Demographic Indicators (Table 1:1, 4th edn.)Demographic Indicators•Main problem TFR (number of children per female)•TFR controlled by # of fertile females & cultural habits of reproduction--these last vary VERY widely•West’s habits are delayed marriage, strong female control over decision to reproduce •TFR of 2 would maintain population as is in very long termPopulation Pyramids (1:25)Population Pyramids•Classic “pyramid” that of Nigeria. High dependency ratio in 0-14 age categories, with high infant mortality•Slow or no growth “pyramids” have different dependency ratio, 65 and up•BUT, elderly provide indirect economic benefits (caring for grandchildren, as volunteers etc.)•In developed countries people 65 and up still consume heavily, which drives economy, especially medical services.Demographic Transition (1:26)Demographic Transition•Main flaws are is that is modeled on western experience, assumes economic development•Overall, death rates fall first as various conditions improve. Birth rates fall later. Population moves from one phase of stability to another, but numbers increase greatly. Health care unimportant until Stage 4•Stage 2 crudely depicted--really a two (or more) stage process•2 (A) reduction in deaths from better food supply, sometimes because of more productive agriculture, but ALWAYS because of better transportation--most famines highly localized crop failures•2 (B) reduction in deaths from better public health, in particular separating water supplies from human waste, thus preventing such killers as cholera•Stage 3 birth rate reduces mostly because of education of women •Stage 4 main increase in life expectancy from improvements in health care. Birth rate variations from war and social forces.Growth of World Cities (1:29)World Cities•More than 50% world population now urban•Historically cities only grew from rural-urban migration (cities had high death rates)•Largest cities growing fastest, most from continued massive rural-urban migration, part from reproduction•World’s fastest growing cities all in LDC’s•Megalopolis (developed world) versus megacity (LDCs)The Main Measures of Culture•Huntington (The Clash of Civilizations) suggests there are two main measures of culture•Language•Religion•We can, of