Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides1Sociology 201:Social Research Design4. Objectivity and RealityTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides2Preview•Review homework•Reality•Objectivity/Subjectivity•Introduction to channellingTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides3Homework Formats•Write in workbook, tear out•Type or write on paper–Put in the section headings•email–Put in the section headings•Staple pages together•Put your name on the homework!!!Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides4Review Workbook assignments•0 to 10 pointsRange =Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides52.3: Conflict and Functionalist paradigms in university•Conflict involves competition, struggle, etc.•Functionalism deals with how things fit together in wholeWhat are some examples?Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides6“Lateral Thinking”Paul Sloane and Des MacHale, Challenging Lateral Thinking Puzzles, NY: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993• A manhole is a hole which allows someone to gain access to the sewers or other pipes which are below ground. Our local town council recently decided that all the town’s manhole covers should be changed from square to round ones. We are used to the town council making silly decisions, but this time they were absolutely right. Why?• A man was found shot dead in his study. He was slumped over his desk and a gun was in his hand. There was a cassette recorder on his desk. When the police entered the room and pressed the play button on the tape recorder they heard, “I can’t go on. I have nothing to live for.” Then there was the sound of a gunshot. How did the detective immediately know that the man had been murdered?• Is it legal to marry your widow’s sister?• If folk is spelled F O L K and joke is spelled J O K E, how do you spell the word for the white of an egg?•Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides7And now. . .•Our main feature•Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides8What is Reality???–Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides9One day, I discovered TruthTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides10One day, I discovered TruthTruthIn a dictionary!Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides11Truth was defined as. . .•Conformity with fact; agreement with reality•Agreement with a standard or rule; accuracy/ correctness•Genuineness, reality, actual existence•That which is true, real, or actual; realityTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides12True, by the way was. . .•Consistent with fact; agreeing with reality; representing the thing as it is•Conformable to reality; natural•In accordance with realityTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides13So I looked up reality. . .•The quality of. . .having an actual existence•Correspondence to fact; truth•Real existenceTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides14And real was. . .•Having an objective existence; actually existing as a thing•Actually present or existing as a state or quality of things; having a foundation in fact; actually occurring or happening•Consisting of actual thingsTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides15So actuality was. . .•The state of being actual or real; reality, existing objective fact.•And “actual” was. . .–Existing in act or fact; really acted or acting; carried out; realTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides16So maybe factual holds the key•Pertaining to or concerned with facts; of the nature of fact, actual, real•Fact was no better. . .–Something that has really occurred or is actually the case–Truth attested by direct observation or authentic testimony; realityTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides17Maybe existence is the answer.•Yeah, right.•Existence is. . .–Actuality; reality–Being; the fact or state of existing•Exist was defined as. . .–To have place in the domain of reality, having objective being.Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides18In abbreviated review:•Truth is “That which is real; reality”•Reality is “Having an actual existence”•Existence is “Actuality; reality”•Actuality is “Existing objective fact”•Fact is “Truth attested to by direct observation”•Ergo: Truth is TruthTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides19Considering all the definitions•90% were lost in the circularity of language•One word escaped that circularity:–objectivity–How would you define objectivity?•The dictionary defined it as:–intersubjectivity–What does that mean?Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides20Subjectivity–Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides21Objectivity means. . .•We agree on the way things are.•In this sense, sociologists speak of the “social construction of reality.”•We’ll come back to this later in the course in a discussion of “postmodernism.”Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides22Introduction to Trance ChannelingTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides23Group Work: Evaluate feelings about entities•Do you think they are real?•Are they what they say they are?•How do you know?Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides24"Curse of sociology"Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides25Preview homeworkTotal = xx slides Total of 31 slides263.3 Two examples of cause-effect relationships in everyday life•Should find different explanations for the same observation•e.g., Men who join fraternities drink a lot•Assume fraternity culture promotes drinking•But maybe those who drink join fraternities–(reverse time order)Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides273.3 Two examples of cause-effect relationships in everyday life•e.g., Women shop for clothes on Presidents’ Day since they are on sale•Actually, it’s because the women are off work–(different reason)•Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides283.3 Two examples of cause-effect relationships in everyday life•e.g., Drug users commit more crimes because they need the money for drugs.•Maybe drugs incapacitate them so they get caught•Maybe police target drug users••Total = xx slides Total of 31 slides29Next Time•“Paradigms and Paradigm Shifts ”•Read Chapter