HNF 461 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I Review of Gluconeogenesis II Regulation of Gluconeogenesis III Shutting Down Pyruvate Kinase IV Initiating Conversion of Oxaloacetate from Pyruvate V Bypassing the Phosphofructokinase Reaction VI Bypassing the Glucokinase Reaction VII Long Term Effects of Glucagon Outline of Current Lecture I Physical vs Psychological Stress II Cortisol a Control of Cortisol III Effects of Cortisol IV Hormones and Stress V Energy Sources during Exercise VI Overview of Occurring Processes during Exercise Current Lecture Glucocorticoids Stress and Exercise 1 Physical vs Psychological Stress a Physical Acute exercise vs chronic b Psychological Acute fight flight vs chronic c Chronic stress will produce a similar response to the response for acute stress only the response will last longer 2 Cortisol One type of glucocorticoid These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute a Control of Cortisol neurologically controlled by ACTH released when glucose insulin levels are low and stress is present i Stress signals sent to brain ii Brain adjusts by producing CRH in hypothalamus iii ACTH produced by pituitary gland iv Cortisol released from adrenal cortex v If too much cortisol is released then another signal is sent to brain to stop the pathway 3 Effects of Cortisol a Increased cortisol increased appetite and blood glucose levels b Stimulates gluconeogenesis i Cortisol binds to cortisol receptors in cell cytoplasm which travels to the nucleus to turn on gene transcription causes protein cleavage and free amino acids are released into blood ii Increases synthesis of proteases in muscle and gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver and kidney 4 Hormones and Stress a Stress turns on the sympathetic nervous system epinephrine produced by medulla b Cortisol c Pancreas releases glucagon 5 Energy Sources during Exercise a Free ATP first b When ATP is used up phosphocreatine converts ADP to ATP c Finally energy source comes from G 6 P from glycogen and fatty acids from adipose tissue 6 Overview of Occurring Processes during Exercise a Glucose Insulin Levels Low Glucagon Epinephrine levels high b Muscle i Glycolysis and TCA cycle active ii Glycogenesis is low iii Glycogenolysis is high iv Gluconeogenesis is never active in the muscle v Muscle releases free amino acids travel to liver c Liver i Glycolysis is inactive ii Glycogenolysis is high iii Glycogenesis is inhibited iv Amino acids participate in gluconeogenesis to form glucose v Glycerol from fat is converted to glucose vi Fatty acids provide ATP and NADPH for gluconeogenesis d Fat i Fatty acids released and travel to muscle oxidized to acetyl CoA and enters the TCA cycle ii Fatty acids and glycerol released travel to liver
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