EDPY 4413 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideLecture 1 (August 29th)Chapter 1: What Counseling Is & How It WorksWhy be a counselor: Altruism (a talent for helping people), to gain meaning/significance by helping others.Why NOT to be a counselor: To resolve your own issues, control other people lives, or make a lotof money doing something easy.Lecture 2 (September 5th)Definitions of Counseling: -An interpersonal relationship between a client and counselor aimed at helping the client according to the client’s needs, goals and values-A process of communication and interaction that offers a means for positive personal development and resolution of life concerns.Why Counseling Works:60-80% improve significantly more compared to untreated people, and are satisfied or very satisfied with experiences/improvements from professional counselingCommon Factors: - Client readiness- The therapeutic relationship- Hope- Therapeutic theory/methodsClients Gain:- Hope/motivation to try- Relief from shame/loneliness/fear- New understandings, decisions, experiences, and skillsSignificance of Self:The counselor’s own unique skills, knowledge, warmth, stability become an essential aspect of therapy.Personal strengths-- Awareness- Respect for Diversity & Autonomy- Empathy- Altruism- Stability/Self-regulation- Energy- Social Support- Confidence – for both independence and collaboration- Openness- Flexibility- Curiosity- Critical Thinking AbilityChapter 2: Basics for History and ResearchTypes of Counseling:- Counselors (professional, community, MH, family…)- Psychologists (counseling, clinical, school, I/O)- Psychiatrists- Social Workers (BA v MSW)- Family Therapists (LMFT)- Pastoral CareLecture 3: (September 12th)Counseling is a diverse field due to differences in profession, degrees, programs, certification, generation/age, theoretical orientation, cultural background, gender, personal qualities and values…History of Counseling:1907- James1909- Freud (“the talking cure”) Boston Vocational Guidance Bureau (Frank Parsons)1940s- Mental health Movement (Beers)1940s- WWI/WWII= personal selection for the military50s-60s- School guidance counseling gains momentum Non-directive counseling (Rogers) Behavioral Era (Skinner, Krumboltz)60s-70s- Family Era (Minuchin, Satir) Community Mental Health Act (1964)- est. mental health facilities in communities70s-80s Cognitive Era (Beck, Ellis)80s- Feminist Era (Gilligan)90s- Multicultural Era (Sue)Current State of the Field: Very integrationist, combining many pragmatic disciplines and different aspects of health into a biopsychosocial approach that is individualized and based on diversity Licensing:Licensure and accreditation efforts first began in the 1970’s, growing into the first national training and licensing standards in the 80’s, though accreditation and licensure did not become widespread until the 1990’s.Elements of a Comprehensive Master’s Program: Programs usually include ethics orientation, classes on human development, cultural foundations, therapeutic relationships and skills, counseling theory and research knowledge, group work, career development, family systems, and assessment, research, and evaluation skills.Formal Accreditation:CACREP (Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs)APA (American Psychological Association)Post Degree Licensure- Varies by state, but include a National Knowledge Exam, state legal/ethical exam, sometimes a state clinical exam, and 2000 hours of supervised clinical workTimelines:Counselor- Masters (about 4 yrs total)2 years of academic, clinical, and research training1 year of post degree clinical supervisionPsychologist- Doctoral (about 7 years total time)4-5 years of academic, clinical, and research training1 year competitive internshipUp to 2 years of post-degree clinical supervisionChapter 3 Settings for Counselors:Counselors work in a variety of settings, including schools, hospitals/health clinics, colleges and universities, private practices, businesses and industries, religious settings, correctional settings,and military/veterans’ affairsDifferent Roles:- Individual Counseling- Family Counseling- Consultation- Mediation- Administration- Supervision & Teaching- Research- Couples Counseling- Individual Assessment- Group WorkSkill sets for counselors include those of relationship, exploration, diagnostic, conceptualization, action and problem solving, group process, and evaluation.Common goals among counselors across the field include offering…- a safe place to discuss one’s life - encouragement, acceptance, and hope- new perspectives- help for life stress- help for relational/interpersonal concerns- help in life/career planning- help with health problemsInternet and Social Media CounselingBenefits: Mental health services can be extended to those in rural areas without access to facilities, the homebound due to physical disabilities, or those who are too ashamed to face treatment face-to-face.Limitations/Ethical concerns: Can hinder the development of a personal therapeutic relationship, potential security/confidentiality issues, time delays, possible falsification of