HN 132 1st EditionExam 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 4Lecture 1 (August 28)Chapter One:- Identify the 6 nutrients and be able to explain what nutrients do in the body.o In the body nutrients provide fuel for energy, growth, maintenance, and to regulate body processes.o The six classes of nutrients are:- Carbohydrates- Protein- Fats- Water - Vitamins- Minerals - Define and differentiate between a nutrient and non-nutrient.o Nutrients are chemical compounds in foods to provide fuel for energy, growth, and to regulate your body’s processes.o Non-nutrients are compounds that contribute to health and may play a role in fighting chronic diseases. (Phytochemicals)- Identify the available calories per gram of the three macronutrients and alcohol.o Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/go Lipids (Fats): 9 kcal/go Proteins: 4 kcal/g- Calculate the amount calories or grams when given the macronutrient content of a food or meal and vice versa.o The number of calories in a given food can be determined by measuring the weight, in grams, of each of the 3 nutrients in one serving of food.- Identify at least 5 factors that influence the way we eat.o Five factors that influence the way we eat are:- Taste- Social reasons- Cost- Time- Convenience - Understand malnutrition as it relates to over and under nutrition.o Malnutrition means a long term outcome of consuming diet that doesn’t meet nutrient needs- Can result in both under and over nutrition o Over-nutrition means excess nutrients and/or calories in dieto Under-nutrition means state of inadequate nutrition - Understand the trends of overweight and obesity in America in different age groupso Over 65% of adults are overweight, and 34% are considered obese.o Currently over 10% of children aged 2-5 years and approximately 17% of those aged 6-19 are obese. - Differentiate between credible and non-credible sources of information. o Ask yourself these questions:- Who runs the site?- Who pays for the site?- What is the purpose of the site?- Where does the information come from?- What is the basis of the information?- Differentiate between macro and micronutrients.o Macronutrients: the energy containing essential nutrients that you need in higher amounts: carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins.o Micronutrients: essential nutrients that you need in smaller amounts: vitamins and minerals.- Understand the concept of the calorieo Otherwise known as or referred to as kilocalories, this is the measurement of foods.- Know the difference between a hypothesis and a theoryo Hypothesis: an idea generated by scientists based on their observations.o Theory: an idea that is not scientific, more of a “what if” statement or question- Know what the scientific method iso A stepwise process used by scientists to generate research findings.- Observe and ask a question- Formulate a hypothesis- Conduct an experiment- If hypothesis is supported; you found what you were looking for - If hypothesis is not supported; revise or formulate a new hypothesis- Publish findings- Develop a theory- Establish a consensus- Know what a control group, experimental group, variable, placebo, and peer review areo Control Group: the group who is given the placeboo Variable: The thing that may or may not be changingo Experimental Group: the group given a specific treatmento Placebo: a sugar pill that has no impact on individual’s health when ingested o Peer Review: where fellow scientists review studies to assess if they are accurate and sound before they are published- Know the different types of nutrition studieso- Know the credible sources for nutrition informationo Registered Dietitian (RD): completed at least a bachelors degree at an accredited U.S. college or university and a supervised practice, passed a national exam administered by the American Dietetic Associationo Public Health Nutritionist: has a degree in nutrition but may not be an RD (if didn’t complete supervised practice, not eligible to take ADA exam) o Professionals holding advanced degrees in nutritiono Licensed diet (LD): licensed by state licensing agenciesLecture 2 (August 30)Chapter Two: - Define nutrient density and empty calories. Differentiate between nutrient density and empty calories using common foods. o Nutrient Density is the amount of nutrients per calorie in a given food. These include heart-unhealthy saturated and/or trans fatty acids.o Empty Calories are calories derived from food containing no nutrients.- Understand the concepts of diet, health, and a healthy diet. What are the three characteristics or principles of a healthy diet?o Balanceo Varietyo Moderation- Know 4 tools available for to plan a healthy diet.o Dietary guidelines: General Dietary and lifestyle adviceo DRI’s: Nutrient Recommendationso MyPlate: Food Group Recommendations o Daily values on food labels- Understand when the Dietary Guidelines and DRI’s are updated.o Updated periodically based on latest scientific research - Identify the 4 components of the DRIs and define the terms.o Estimated Average Requirement (EAR);- Average amount of nutrient known to meet the needs of 50% of individuals of same age and gender- Starting point for determining other valueso Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA):- Based on the EAR, but set higher - Average amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all individuals (97-98%)o Adequate Intake (AL):- If insufficient scientific data to determine EAR and RDA- Next best estimate of amount of nutrient needed to maintain good healtho Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL): - Highest amount of nutrient that is unlikely to cause harm if consumed daily- Consuming amount higher than the UL daily may cause toxicity - Evaluate the difference between servings and serving size.o Servings are how many helpings you have in one sittingo Serving size is are standardized amonts- Identify the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Define AMDR.o AMDR is recommended ranges of intakes for energy containing nutrients- Carbohydrates: 45-65% of daily calorie intake- Fat: 20-35% of daily calorie intake- Proteins: 10-35% of daily calorie intake - Understand the difference between a health claim and nutrient claim and structure and function claimo Health claim: describe a relationship between a food or dietary compound and a disease or health-related conditiono Nutrient claim: describe the level or amount of a nutrient in food producto