WATER USE IN LIVESTOCK SYSTEMSPowerPoint PresentationSources of waterWater lossesSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Water Use in Swine Production SystemsWater Use in Dairy Production SystemsWater Use in Beef Production SystemsWATER USE FOR BEEF PRODUCTION IN U.S. (1993)WATER USE IN ETHANOL PRODUCTIONManagement Strategies to Minimize the Impacts of Grazing on Non-point Source Pollution of Pasture Streams in the Midwest J.R. Russell1, D.A. Bear1, K.A. Schwarte1, and M. Haan2 1Iowa State University, Ames, IA 2Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, MIIMPAIRMENTS TO IOWA’S WATER RESOURCES 2008 Impaired Waters List (357 streams & 77 lakes)Slide 15Slide 16HYPOTHETICAL ROUTES OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION BY GRAZING CATTLECONCENTRATIONS OF NITRATE-N, TOTAL P,TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS, AND E. COLI IN WATER SAMPLES TAKEN DURING HIGH FLOW EVENTS UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF A 10-ACRE PASTURE GRAZED BY 25 COWS YEAR-ROUNDSlide 19EFFECTS OF COW DISTRIBUTION ON DISTRIBUTION OF FECES AND URINE IN PASTURESMODEL FOR QUANTIFYING THE EFFECTS OF GRAZING MANAGEMENT ON NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION OF PASTURE STREAMSEFFECTS OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE PROBABILITY OF GRAZING COWS BEING IN AND WITHIN 100 ft OF A STREAM OR POND IN PASTURES ON FIVE FARMS OVER THREE YEARSEFFECTS OF PASTURE SIZE ON THE CONGREGATION OF GRAZING COWS IN AND WITHIN 100 ft OF A PASTURE STREAM OR POND ON SIX PASTURES OVER THREE YEARSIMPLICATIONS OF PASTURE SIZE AND SHAPE ON CATTLE TEMPORAL/SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION RESEARCHIMPLICATIONS OF PASTURE SIZE AND SHAPE ON CATTLE TEMPORAL/SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION RegulatorySlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29EFFECT OF OFF-STREAM WATER OR RESTRICTED STREAM ACCESS ON CONGREGATION OF CATTLE WITHIN 110 FT OF A PASTURE STREAM IN 10 (small) OR 30 (large) ACRE PASTURES OVER 5 MONTHS (2010)CONSIDER ENVIROMENTAL FACTORSEFFECTS OF BLACK GLOBE TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY INDEX ON THE PROBABILITY OF CONGREGATION OF CATTLE WITHIN 33 m OF A PASTURE STREAM IN TWO GRAZING SEASONSEFFECT OF THE TEMPERATURE-HUMIDITY INDEX ON THE AMOUNTS OF TIME CATTLE WERE IN THE RIPARIAN AREAS OF BERMUDAGRASS-TALL FESCUE PASTURES WITH OR WITHOUT OFFSTREAM WATEREFFECTS OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THE PROBABILITY OF COWS SEEKING SHADEEFFECTS OF GRAZING MANAGEMENT ON NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION OF PASTURE STREAMSEFFECTS OF STOCKING RATE BETWEEN MEASUREMENT PERIODS ON STREAM BANK EROSION MEASURED QUARTERLY ON 13 FARMS IN THE RATHBUN LAKE WATERSHED OVER THREE YEARSEFFECTS OF GRAZING MANAGEMENT ON ANNUAL EROSION/DEPOSITION ACTIVITY AND NET EROSION OF STREAM BANKS IN 2008 AND 2009Slide 38EFFECTS OF STOCKING RATE BETWEEN BIMONTHLY MEASUREMENTS OF THE PROPORTION OF BARE AND MANURE-COVERED GROUND WITHIN 50 FT OF STREAMS IN 13 PASTURESSlide 40GRAZING SYSTEM EFFECTS ON PROPORTIONS OF APPLIED PRECIPITATION AND AMOUNTS OF SEDIMENT AND P TRANSPORTED IN RUNOFF FROM SIMULATED RAIN APPLIED TO BARE AND VEGETATED SITES ON STREAMBANKS AT 7.5 cm/hr (P < 0.10)CONTRIBUTIONS OF PRECIPITATION RUNOFF, DIRECT FECAL DEPOSITION, AND CUT BANK EROSION TO ANNUAL SEDIMENT LOADING OF PASTURE STREAMSSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45GRAZING SYSTEMS EFFECTS ON STREAM BANK EROSION SUSCEPTIBILITY (1 – 60) OVER FIVE YEARSROLE OF GRAZING CATTLE ON PATHOGEN LOADING OF PASTURE STREAMSSTOCKING RATE EFFECTS ON MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF TOTAL COLIFORMS IN BIWEEKLY WATER SAMPLES FROM UP- AND DOWNSTREAM SAMPLING SITES IN 13 PASTURES OVER 3 YEARSSlide 49EFFECTS OF PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF CATTLE IN PASTURES FOR 0 TO 6 DAYS PRIOR TO SAMPLING ON THE INCIDENCES OF BOVINE ENTEROVIRUS, CORONAVIRUS, AND ROTAVIRUS IN UP- OR DOWNSTREAM WATER SAMPLES FROM 13 PASTURES FOR 3 YEARSINCIDENCE OF BOVINE ENTEROVIRUS AND CORONAVIRUS SHED BY 90 GRAZING COWS IN 3 MONTHS OVER TWO YEARS (No E. coli O157:H7 or Bovine rotavirus shed)INCIDENCE OF BOVINE ENTEROVIRUS IN RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL SIMULATIONS ON STREAM BANKS OF PASTURES WITH UNRESTRICTED STREAM ACCESS IN TWO YEARS (No E. coli O157:H7, Bovine coronavirus, or Bovine rotavirus observed)CONCLUSIONSSlide 54Slide 55Slide 56WATER USE IN LIVESTOCK SYSTEMSWater consumption •Factors affecting water consumption–Dry feed intakeWater/dry feed (w/w)Pigs 2Lactating sows 3Horses or poultry 2-3Calves 6.5Cattle 3.5 – 5.5–Protein content of diet–Salt content of diet–Lactation•1 – 1.8 kg/kg feed above needs of dry cow–TemperatureSources of water•Drinking water•Bound water–Fresh forage 90% moisture–Grain and hay 10% moisture•Metabolic watergm H2O/gm nutrientFats 1.0Carbohydrates 0.6Protein 0.4–Contribution to water needs% of water needsCattle and horses 5 – 10Desert mammals 16 – 26Hibernating animals 100Water losses•Urine–30 – 33 % of total loss–Factors affecting urinary loss•Dietary protein•Dietary salt•Perspiration–Factors•Species–Cattle > Swine or poultry•Temperature–2 x greater at 100 F than 80 F•Humidity–2 x greater at 40% humidity than 80%•Water vapor from lungs–15 – 55% water loss in sheep–Increased with increased temperature or activity•Fecal water loss–High in cattle and low in poultry and sheepWater Quality Effects on LivestockTotal soluble saltsTotal soluble salts (ppm) Effect<1,000 Safe1,000-2,999 Generally safe but may cause diarrhea3,000-4,999 May be refused when firstoffered. Animal performance reduced5,000-6,999 Avoid for pregnant and lactating animals. May be used if optimal performanceisn’t necessary>7,000 Should not be usedWater Quality Effects on RuminantsNitrateNitrate, ppm Effects0-44 Generally safe for ruminants45-132 Generally safe for ruminants if balance withlow nitrate feeds133-220 Harmful over long periods221-660 Cattle at risk; possible death>661 UnsafeWater Quality Effects on RuminantsSulfatesTotal dissolved solids/sulfate, ppm1200/440 2900/1700 1700/2900 7800/4600 % incidenceMorbidity 4.8 4.8 0 52Mortality 0 0 0 33Polio- 0 0 0 48encephalomalaciaWater Use in Swine Production Systems•Consumption, gal/hd/day–Pigs<60 lb .7–60-119 lb 2.5–120-179 lb 4–>180 lb 4–Gilts 3–Boars 8–Gestating sow 4–Sow w/ litter 5•Cleaning and cooling, gal/hd or /litter/dPre-soak Wash CoolFarrowing 7.5 36 16Nursery .12 .72 -Finish 1.2 2.7 16Water Use in Dairy Production Systems•ConsumptionMin-Max 51-77oF Min-Max 63-91oFMilk prod, lb/day Water intake, gal/d0 11.2-12.6 14.6-16.140 18.6-20.7 22.0-24.280 24.9-27.2 27.5-29.8100 31.2-33.7