BIOL 320 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I Stress and Hormones II Adrenal Stress Response III Pancreas IV Diabetes Mellitus V Pineal Gland VI Thymus VII Developmental Consideration Outline of Current Lecture I Blood Basics II Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes III Hemoglobin IV Formed Elements V Erythropoiesis VI White Blood Cells Leukocytes a Leukopoiesis VII Thrombopoiesis Current Lecture II Blood Basics slide 2 a Tissue type Connective tissue not living b Taste metallic salty c Color red varies with amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin d pH 7 35 7 45 outside of this range ill dead e Temp Slightly warmer than body temperature f Functions protection regulation transportation of gases hormones nutrients and waste g Non mitotic blood is produced renewed by bone marrow but can t reproduce itself h Blood composition slide 3 i Plasma 55 of whole blood ii Formed Elements 1 Erythrocytes 45 of whole blood 2 Buffy coat leukocytes platelets less than 1 of whole blood VIII Red Blood Cells Erythrocytes slide 6 a 45 of whole blood b Anucleate no nucleus c Biconcave cheap lifesaver increases surface area for more gas exchange d No organelles e Normal values boys have more RBCs testosterone have more muscles need more oxygen i Boys 5 8 6 1 ii Girls 4 3 5 2 f Hemoglobin primary component of RBCs makes up 1 3 of each RBC g Primary function gas transport 3 characteristics that make RBCs perfect for gas transport i Large surface area diffusion happens faster and RBCs can hold more oxygen ii Hemoglobin content main function of RBC is to carry hemoglobin hemoglobin carries O2 iii Anaerobic RBCs don t steal from O2 cargo h Spectrin flexible protein in walls of RBC that allows them to bend twist IX Hemoglobin Hb slide 7 a Protein in blood b 1 3 mass of RBCs c Can bind 1 billion different molecules d Boys have more than girls e Structure i Centers around iron molecule ii 2 alpha 2 beta chains wrapped around a heme molecule iii Each chain can bind 1 molecule so 1 hemoglobin can bind 4 molecules O2 f Also bonds to CO2 can pick up 20 or 1 5 CO2 in blood and take it to lungs to breath out X Formed Elements slide 9 12 a All 3 formed elements are made from hematopoietic stem cells b Hematopoiesis process of hematopoietic stem cells differentiating into 1 of 3 blood cell types i Erythropoiesis formation of erythrocytes ii Leukopoiesis formation of white blood cells iii Thrombopoiesis Platelet genesis formation of blood platelets c The type of blood cell a hematopoietic cell makes depends on colony stimulating factors CSF i Granulocyte CSF stimulate granulocytes ii Macrophage CSF stimulate macrophages iii Etc XI Erythropoiesis slide 12 a Formation of erythrocytes or RBCs b Occurs in bone marrow of flat irregular bones c Process takes a week to ten days i Once stem cell is committed it goes through three phases to become RBC ii Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis the ribosomes make proteins d e f g h iii Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation the proteins accumulate hemoglobin iv Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus this cell is called a reticulocyte RBC Production and Erythropoietin EPO negative feedback loop slide 13 i Stimulus hypoxia low blood O2 due to 1 Decreased RBC count 2 Decreased amount of hemoglobin caused by amino acid or iron deficiency 3 Decreased availability of O2 chronic emphysema working out at high elevation example of Lance Armstrong training in Swiss alps parasite blood loss ii Kidney releases erythropoietin EPO iii Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow iv Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count v O2 carrying ability of blood increases Hormonal control of erythropoiesis slide 15 i Testosterone enhances EPO production causing higher RBC count in males ii Effects of EPO committed bone marrow cells mature more rapidly reticulocyte count increases quickly Dietary requirements slide 16 i Fat protein carbs structural elements ii Iron to bond oxygen iii Vitamin B12 folic acid for normal DNA synthesis neural tube development if pregnant Erythrocyte life cycle slide 17 i 120 days then they get fragile plasma membrane becomes brittle ii If cell bursts loose hemoglobin can plug kidney lose iron is toxic if not bound to protein iii System set up to recycle RBCs before they explode 1 Aged and damaged RBCs are engulfed by macrophages of liver spleen and bone marrow 2 Hemoglobin is broken down a Iron stored as ferritin in liver then bound to transferrin and released into blood b Heme becomes bilirubin gets picked up by liver secreted into intestine and excreted in feces c Globin becomes an amino acid and enters blood stream Erythrocyte Disorders slide 18 i Anemia low oxygen carrying capacity symptom of another problem not a disease itself 1 Hemorrhagic blood loss ulcer hemorrhoids accident 2 Hemolytic RBCs burst malaria parasites autoimmune disease 3 Aplastic damaged bone marrow cancer chemo radiation 4 Iron deficiency plenty of RBCs but lack of hemoglobin 5 Pernicious plenty RBCs but cells have oversized cytoplasm a Caused by lack of B12 not from diet but because body can t absorb it b Treatment shots of B12 6 Sickle Cell genetic heterozygous trait a Caused by substitution in amino acid O2 deprivation b When deprived of O2 cells twist don t travel well block smaller vessels c Treatment blood transfusions d Disease hasn t died off yet because it is resistant to malaria ii Thalassemia 1 Genetic disease occurs in Mediterranean people 2 Body makes abnormal deficient form of hemoglobin 3 Their hemoglobin destroys RBCs and leads to anemia iii Polycythemia 1 Blood doping elevated blood cell count 2 Filter sample of own blood to get only RBCs and give self transfusion of it 3 Increases O2 lowers liquid causes heart damage because blood too thick iv Bili lights slide 19 1 Liver isn t well developed in baby can t break down bilirubin so it accumulates 2 Remember heme binds to it when broken down 3 Bilirubin is a pigment so baby appears yellow jaundice 4 Sunlight breaks down bilirubin so bili lights sewn into blanket phototherapy XII White Blood Cells Leukocytes slide 20 a Characteristics i Function immune system ii Chemotaxis ability to follow chemical trail iii Diopedisis leaping across squeezing through endothelial cells that make up blood vessels in order to reach tissue space where pathogen is trying to sneak in iv Diameter 2 4 microns v Prevalence 1 WBC for every 800 RBCs vi Nucleated vii Organelles viii Classification based on granular content slide 21 1 Granulocytes visible stain lobed nuclei short lived less