Four Historical Periods of Airplane Design“Tower Jumpers”First Manned AircraftOrnithoptersWhy Don’t Ornithopters Work?The Modern Airplane ConfigurationSir George Cayley“Chauffeurs”Hiram MaximHiram Maxim“Airman’s Approach”LilienthalSamuel P. LangleyLangley AerodromeEra of Strut and Wire BiplanesThe Wright BrothersWright Brothers-AerodynamicsWright Flyer EngineWright Brothers Wind TunnelThe Wright FlyerThe Wright FlyerThe Wright FlyerOther Developments Following Wright Bros.Other Developments Following Wright Bros.Era of the Mature Propeller Driven Airplane9 Major Technical Advancements9 Major Technical Advancements9 Major Technical Advancements9 Major Technical Advancements9 Major Technical AdvancementsTypes of Flaps9 Major Technical Advancements9 Major Technical Advancements9 Major Technical AdvancementsEra of the Jet Propelled AircraftSome Aircraft of the EraSome Aircraft of the EraThe Jet EngineThe Jet EngineIncreasing the SpeedIncreasing the SpeedIncreasing the SpeedIncreasing the SpeedIncreasing the SpeedThe Emergence of BoeingBoeing 707Boeing 747Supersonic Transports (SSTs)Tu-144The ConcordeThe ConcordeThe Concorde CrashThe Concorde CrashThe Future of SSTsUnconventional Concepts/Innovative DesignsHarrierFlying WingFlying WingModern Flying Wing-B2 BomberStealth AircraftStealth AircraftUltralightsUltralightsUAVsUAVsPoint DesignsFuture ChallengesFuture ChallengesAE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of TechnologyFour Historical Periods of Airplane Design1. Pre-Wright Era2. Strut-and-Wire Biplanes3. Mature Propeller-driven Airplanes4. Jet-propelled AirplanesGood airplane design requires a knowledge of previous design- understand trends- identify areas in need of technological advancement- evolutionary vs. revolutionaryAE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of Technology“Tower Jumpers”People attempting to fly by means of wings strapped to their arms and/or legsThe myth of Daedalus and Icarus, on of the earliest recorded accounts ofman’s attempt to fly, illustrates the concept of “tower jumpers”.AE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of TechnologyFirst Manned AircraftAround 1299 A.D, Marco Polo claimed to see Chinese sailors attached tokites being used as military observers. This could be considered the firstmanned aircraft.But…the first true POWERED flight with humans on board, was in a hot airballoon. This occurred in France in 1783. The Montgolfier Brothers createda balloon that was piloted by two others.unmanned balloonmanned balloonAE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of TechnologyOrnithoptersThe flapping of wings to generate lift, powered by mechanical devices.Aerovironment’s MicrobatRobert Frost Attempt, 1904Kiselev’s Proposed Ornithopterda Vinci was one of the first topropose ornithopters in the 1400sDeLaurier’s C-GPTRAE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of TechnologyWhy Don’t Ornithopters Work?Manned ornithopters have little chance of success because humans cannotmatch the remarkable physiological capabilities of birds.Energy output of birds:800 heart beats per minute by a sparrow400 per minute respiration rate of a pigeon in flightAE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of TechnologyThe Modern Airplane ConfigurationSir George Cayley first pioneered the concept for the modern airplaneconfiguration in 1799 - fixed wings, tail, fuselage- separate mechanism for propulsion“seperation of lift and propulsion”- recognized that the function of thrust ws to overcome aerodynamicdrag- drew the first lift-drag vector diagram in the history of aeronauticalengineeringAE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of TechnologySir George CayleySilver disk inscribed by Cayley showing modernairplane configuration and first lift-drag vectordiagram in historyAE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of Technology“Chauffeurs”19th century flying machine inventors who were obsessed with “brute force”-given enough thrust (or horsepower) from an engine, the airplane could beforced into the air.circular argument: more power more weight must move faster to generate liftidea was to simply “chauffeur” the machine into the air, with no thought tocontrollability once it was in the air.The failure of this philosophy led to the idea of developing engines withmore power but less weight.T/W ratio is now a critical parameter in aircraft design.AE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of TechnologyHiram MaximEpitomizes the chauffeur philosophy of the late 1800s.Maxim invented the first fully functional machine gun. He used the fortunegenerated by this invention to fund the design of flying machines.2 180 hp engines2 propellersTOGW = 8,000lbsT/W = ??AE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of TechnologyHiram MaximMaxim’s machine with all lifting surfacesOne of the propellersAE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of Technology“Airman’s Approach”Philosophy that, in order to design a successful flying machine, it is necessary tofly unencumbered by a power plant-learn to fly before you put an engine on theaircraft.Antithesis of the chauffeur philosophyOtto Lilienthal, a German mechanical engineer, designed and flew the firstsuccessful gliders in history.clearly demonstrated the aerodynamic superiority of cambered (curved)airfoils in comparison to flat, straight surfacesLilienthal’s book Bird Flight as the Basis of Aviation was far and awaythe most important and definitive contribution to the budding science ofaerodynamics in the 19th century.Published first drag polars ever.AE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia Institute of TechnologyLilienthalAdvanced the science of aeronautics and flight by leaps and bounds. Hisuniversity degree lent credibility to his studies, and his public demonstrationshelped ease people into the idea of manned flight.He died in 1896, after stalling a glider he was flying. At the time, he wasworking on a powerplant for one of his gliders, but further research revealed itwas an ornithopter-like flapping concept.AE 3310 PerformanceChapter 1- May 16, 2002Dr. Danielle SobanGeorgia