# of regionsbond anglehybridizationExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 7Lecture 1 (August 22)Atomic Structure:- Understand what an atom looks like and where the nucleus, protons, and electrons are.- Know subshells (s, p, d, f) and how to write the electron configuration of an elementso Rules for how electrons are placed in orbitals: Aufbau Principle: fill lowest energy orbitals first (1s -> 2s -> 2p -> 3s ->) Pauli Exclusion Principle: there can only be 2 electrons per orbital and the spins must face the opposite ways (one up and one down) Hund’s Rule: add 1 electron to each orbital equal in energy first, then go back and add a 2nd electron to these orbitals if there is enough- Know how to draw Lewis Dot Structure: element surrounded by dots to equal the number of electrons in the valence shellUnderstand the octet rule: each element wants 8 electrons so it could have a noble gas configurations. Chemical bonds form in an attempt to com-plete the octet through sharing electrons between atoms. Be able to draw atoms bonding by sharing electrons. CHEM 333 1st Edi-tion Complete the octet by: Losing or gaining electrons Sharing electrons with one or more other atoms (covalent bond)Lecture 2 (August 27) - Know the difference between polar and nonpolar bondso Nonpolar: bond where electrons are shared equallyo Polar: when elements do not share electrons equally (need two different ele-ments for this to happen) - Know how to predict polarityo Predict by electronegativty. When drawing arrows on elements to show polarity, draw arrow going towards the most electronegative element between the two ele-ments that are bonded.- Understand how to find formal chargeo # of valence electrons (group #) - # of electrons in lone pairs - (1/2) shared elec-trons- Know how to identify how regions of density and what bond angles resulto Regions of electron density include a lone pair, single bond, double bond, or triple bond. 4 regions of electrons density: angles are 109.5° 3 regions of electron density: angles are 120° 2 regions of electron density: angles are 180°- Understand resonance structures and how to draw them o Rules for resonance structures: All structures must have the same number of electrons (electrons cannot just “dissappear,” they must go somewhere) All structures must be valid Lewis structures Never more atoms, only electrons. Double bonds and lone pairs can shift, but do not break single bonds. Number of paired and unpaired electrons must remain the same. Negative charge should go on the more electronegative atomo Rules for deciding resonance structure that is major contributor: Filled valence shell (octet) structure contributes more Maximum number of covalent bonds contributes more Structure with the least separation of unlike charges contributes moreLecture 3 (August 29)- Understand what s and p orbitals look like- Know how electrons act as waves- Understand hybridizationo Tetrahedral shape: 1s + 3p -> sp3109.5°25% s charactero Trigonal planar shape: 1s + 2p -> sp2120°33% s charactero Linear shape: 1s + 1p -> sp180°50% s characterLecture 4 (September 3) - Know how to identify hybridization of each atom. This chart can be used for reference.# of regions bond angle hybridization1 --- s2180°sp3120° sp24109.5° sp3-- Know how to identify a polar moleculeo Must have polar bonds and epends on arrangement of polar bondsA. Molecular dipole: vector sum of bond dipolesa. Examples: The more polar something is, the greater molecular dipole (�) is. � = 0 when molecule is nonpolar.- Know what a molecular dipole iso Vector sum of bond dipoles. The more polar something is, the greater the molec-ular dipole is. Molecular dipole = 0 when molecule is nonpolar.Lecture 5 (September 5)- Be able to identify the following types of hydrocarbons:o alkaneo alkeneo alkyne- Be able to identify the following functional groups:o alkyl halideso alcoholso etherso amineso aldehydeso ketoneso carboxylic acidso esterso amideso nitriles- Understand the difference between ion-ion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bondingo Ion-Ion Forces: Strong electrostatic forces between positive and negative charges. Takes high energy to break interaction, has a high melting point, and has a high boiling point.o Dipole-Dipole: Some molecules are polar and have a permanent dipole. They ori-ent so the positive part of one molecule lines with the negative part of another. This causes strong interactions with each other.o Hydrogen Bonds: Strong interaction between heteroatom with H and heteroatom with a lone pair. Found with O, N, and F. These bonds are weaker than covalent bonds, but stronger than dipole-dipole.oLecture 6 (September 10) - Understand dispersion forceso Very weak intermolecular forces of attraction resulting from the interaction be-tween temporary induced dipoleso Happen at any time where there can be polarization of electron desnisty because electrons moveo Gives a temporary dipole moment that can induce a temporary dipole in a mole-cule next to ito The attractive force is temporary- Know the trends in physical propertieso Small vs. larger molecules Small molecules: less surface area = less interaction = weaker attraction Larger molecules: more surface area = more interaction = stronger attrac-tiono Boiling points: stronger intermolecular interactions increase the boiling pointo Solubilities: “Like dissolves like.” For example, oil dissolves in oil and water dis-solves in water.Polar and ionic solids usually dissolve in polar solventsPolar liquids are miscible, meaning they can mix togetherNonpolar solids are soluble in nonpolar solventsNonpolar solvents are miscible, meaning they can mix together- Know the difference in hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules- Know the difference in homolytic and heterolytic cleavage- Understand how to tell if there something is an acid or a baseo Bronsted acid: substance that gives up a proton (proton donor) Acid-H H2O Acid⇌- H3O+o Bronsted base: substance that can accept a proton (proton acceptor) Base H2O Base-H OH⇌- Know how to tell if it is a strong or weak acido Measure acidity and get a pKa value- Know trends in pKao Larger pKa = weaker acido Small pKa = stronger acido Weak acid = stronger conjugate baseo Strong acid = weaker conjugate base- Memorize these pKa valueso C2H6, pKa = 50o , pKa = 44o NH2 - H, pKa = 38o , pKa = 25o , pKa =
View Full Document