CHEMICAL WARFARE AND CHEMICAL WARFARE AND CHEMICAL WEAPONSCHEMICAL WEAPONSGrowth of chemistry and coGrowth of chemistry and co--development of chemical weaponsdevelopment of chemical weaponsDisarmament after WW IDisarmament after WW IDevelopment of nerve agentsDevelopment of nerve agentsUse of CW in Southeast AsiaUse of CW in Southeast AsiaUse of CW in IranUse of CW in Iran--Iraq WarIraq WarUse of CW in TerrorismUse of CW in TerrorismDestruction of CW AgentsDestruction of CW AgentsChemical Warfare ConventionChemical Warfare ConventionDevelopment of Modern Chemical Development of Modern Chemical IndustryIndustryAt turn of century, industry, universities and government At turn of century, industry, universities and government in Germany combined to create IG in Germany combined to create IG FarbenFarben--a chemical a chemical cartel cartel Goals included development of synthetic dyes and new Goals included development of synthetic dyes and new chemicals for the modern worldchemicals for the modern worldUsed whatever methods necessary to remove Used whatever methods necessary to remove competition, including controlling raw materials, buycompetition, including controlling raw materials, buy--outs, patents in foreign countriesouts, patents in foreign countriesMany of todayMany of today’’s largest chemical companies involved s largest chemical companies involved including Bayer, BASF, AGFA, Hoechstincluding Bayer, BASF, AGFA, HoechstCW in WWICW in WWIchlorine, Clchlorine, Cl22phosgene, COClphosgene, COCl22in cylinders and shells.in cylinders and shells.sulfur mustard S(CHsulfur mustard S(CH22--CHCH22--Cl)Cl)22CW between the World WarsCW between the World WarsParis Treaty on SubmarinesParis Treaty on Submarines19201920’’s Geneva Convention s Geneva Convention --ratified by all major ratified by all major powers in the world except US. Pressure applied by powers in the world except US. Pressure applied by US chemical industry to prevent ratificationUS chemical industry to prevent ratificationGermany forced to break up IG Germany forced to break up IG FarbenFarben----no real no real effect on German companies or developmenteffect on German companies or developmentUS companies learned technology, developed US companies learned technology, developed LewisiteLewisiteWork began in lab of Gerhardt Schrader on new class Work began in lab of Gerhardt Schrader on new class of organophosphate insecticides.of organophosphate insecticides.One chemical, named One chemical, named TabunTabun, too powerful to be , too powerful to be used as insecticide used as insecticide --developed as chemical warfare developed as chemical warfare agent agent ––first first ““nerve gasnerve gas””US and allies had no idea Germans had new class of US and allies had no idea Germans had new class of weaponsweaponsCW in WW IICW in WW IIGermany stockpiled huge quantities of Germany stockpiled huge quantities of TabunTabunand and SarinSarin(another nerve agent)(another nerve agent)US and allies stockpiled mustards and US and allies stockpiled mustards and phosgenephosgeneNo use of CW in WW II by Germany No use of CW in WW II by Germany Major use by US of napalm against JapaneseMajor use by US of napalm against JapaneseUse by Japan of olderUse by Japan of older--style agents against style agents against Chinese, and by Italy against Chinese, and by Italy against AbissiniaAbissiniaMajor buildup of US and British arsenals of Major buildup of US and British arsenals of nerve agents after WW IInerve agents after WW IIUse of CW in Southeast AsiaUse of CW in Southeast AsiaMajor strategy by US to use defoliants in Major strategy by US to use defoliants in Vietnam Vietnam --Agent Orange and othersAgent Orange and othersMajor use by US of riotMajor use by US of riot--control agents and control agents and napalm as antinapalm as anti--personnel weaponspersonnel weaponsAlleged use by SovietAlleged use by Soviet--backed forces in backed forces in Cambodia and Laos of Cambodia and Laos of ““Yellow RainYellow Rain””mycotoxinsmycotoxinsThousands of US veterans permanently disabled Thousands of US veterans permanently disabled from effects of Agent Orange and other from effects of Agent Orange and other chemicalschemicalsMassive ecological effect on Southeast AsiaMassive ecological effect on Southeast AsiaUse of CW in IranUse of CW in Iran--Iraq WarIraq WarUS sought to destabilize government in IranUS sought to destabilize government in IranUS and European sources provided Saddam US and European sources provided Saddam Hussein with means to produce wide range of Hussein with means to produce wide range of chemical weapons.chemical weapons.Iraq used CW in 1980Iraq used CW in 1980’’s against Kurds and s against Kurds and Iranians Iranians ––first use of nerve agentsfirst use of nerve agentsNo large outcry by western powersNo large outcry by western powersAll uses of CW after WW I have been by a All uses of CW after WW I have been by a technologically superior power against a lesstechnologically superior power against a less--technologically advanced force.technologically advanced force.CW in CW in ““Gulf WarGulf War””Alliance forces prepared to wage Alliance forces prepared to wage chemical/biological warfarechemical/biological warfareSeveral major CW stockpiles destroyed by Several major CW stockpiles destroyed by Coalition (mostly US) forcesCoalition (mostly US) forces--effects on US effects on US troops unknowntroops unknownMajor Iraqi CW production facilities undamagedMajor Iraqi CW production facilities undamagedLongLong--term effects on Gulf War veterans (Gulfterm effects on Gulf War veterans (Gulf--War syndrome) still debatedWar syndrome) still debatedMajor stockpiles of CW agents and munitions Major stockpiles of CW agents and munitions destroyed after war as a result of inspectionsdestroyed after war as a result of inspectionsCBW in TerrorismCBW in Terrorism••1972 Eco1972 Eco--terrorist group R.I.S.E. desired to wipe out the entire human raterrorist group R.I.S.E. desired to wipe out the entire human race ce with eight different pathogens and repopulate the world with thewith eight different pathogens and repopulate the world with