BIOM 320 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Last Lecture I Thyroid Gland II Thyroid Hormones III Parathyroid Gland IV Adrenal Glands V Adrenal Corticosteroids Outline of Current Lecture VI Stress and Hormones VII Adrenal Stress Response VIII Pancreas IX Diabetes Mellitus X Pineal Gland XI Thymus XII Developmental Consideration Current Lecture I Stress and Hormones slide 48 a Stressors any disruption of body emotional physical psychological temperature toxin pH imbalance blood loss injury b General Adaptation Syndrome a variety of stressors elicit similar sequence of bodily changes controlled by hypothalamus i Initial Fight or Flight releases epinephrine neural ii Resistance reaction releases cortisol hormonal iii Exhaustion adrenals poop out leads to muscle wasting poor immune function beta cells insulin in pancreas are destroyed leads to diabetes II Adrenal stress response slide 49 a Difference between homeostasis and stress response i Homeostasis balance of every body system maintaining optimum levels for body ii Stress response puts person in balance with environment rather than internal self b Short term stress Fight or Flight i Hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to spinal cord which stimulates adrenal medulla These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute ii Adrenal medulla releases chromaffin cells and catecholamine nor epinephrine iii Short term stress responses 1 Increased HR BP metabolic rate blood sugar alertness 2 Decreased urine output digestive system activity 3 Dilation of bronchioles c Long term stress i Hypothalamus releases CRH anterior pituitary releases ACTH acts on adrenal cortex releases corticosteroids 1 Long term stress responses a Mineralocorticoids cause retention of Na and water by kidneys increased BP volume b Glucocorticoids cause conversion of proteins and fats to sugar gluconeogenesis increased blood sugar and suppression of immune system III Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia slide 51 a Born with Enlarged Adrenals b Missing 1 or more enzymes needed for cortisol synthesis if adrenal cortex can t make hormone then cortisol levels are low c As a result hypothalamus makes more CRH anterior pituitary releases more ACTH cortisol precursors build up in adrenal cortex but because missing 1 enzyme no cortisol released adrenals enlarge d Cortisol precursors can be tweaked to make a different steroid testosterone e Therefore Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is most noticeable in girls and prepubescent boys IV Pancreas slide 53 a 99 exocrine 1 endocrine b Alpha cells produce glucagon i Opposite of insulin ii Elevates blood sugar by breaking down glycogen glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis iii Target liver c Beta cells produce insulin i Moves glucose out of blood refills glycogen stores moves glycogen into lipids fat ii Targets several iii Effects catalyze oxidation of ATP resulting in energy then stores extra inform of glycogen then stores the rest as fat V Diabetes Mellitus slide 56 a Overflow of honey urine tastes like sugar b Symptoms polyuria increased urination polydipsia increased thirst polyphagia increased hunger c Used to be referred to as juvenile and adult onset now type 1 and type 2 d Type 1 i No insulin produced get shots or insulin pump ii Can t get glucose out of blood HIGH blood sugar iii Cortisol will be released because of long term stress iv Causing breakdown of glycogen and increased gluconeogenesis v People are too thin e Type 2 i Used to be adult onset now in kids ii Insufficient insulin or receptors iii Treatment oral insulin and can be managed with diet iv Triggered by down regulation v Genetic tendency but also a diet problem f Gestational Diabetes i Some pregnant women become diabetic ii Mostly solved by diet change and usually ends after pregnancy is complete g Hypoglycemia opposite of diabetes mellitus i Low blood sugar ii Elevated insulin levels hyperinsulinism iii Stimulates excessive release of glucagon important because brain must have glucose iv Quivers tremors muscle weakness severe disorientation convulsions v Causes short term stress release and the release of epinephrine vi Treatment karose sugar or honey under the tongue VI Pineal Gland slide 59 a Receives light signals from photoreceptors in eye b Pinealocytes produce melatonin which acts on the suprachiasmatic nucleus biological clock in charge or circadian rhythm c Melatonin slide 60 i 10x higher in dark ii Higher in kids than adults because need sleep for growth iii Use small daily doses to reset circadian rhythm d Seasonal breeding in animals i During short days of winter they have higher melatonin levels and their gonads shrink ii During long days of summer they have lower melatonin levels and regular gonads mating season iii We don t know if this happens in humans e Seasonal affective disorder i In places where winter causes lots of darkness up north too much melatonin can cause depression ii Treatment full spectrum phototherapy VII Thymus slide 61 a Responsible for immune functions thus it is most active in kids can atrophy in adults b Thymosin produces white blood cells VIII c Thymopoietan promotes maturation of T lymphocytes Developmental Consideration slide 63 a Endocrine organs come from all 3 germ layers endoderm ectoderm and mesoderm b Mesoderm layer produces steroid hormones cortisol c Pollution use tree frogs to assess levels of pollution in given area if frogs contain both gender tissues there is high pollution also happens to coal miner canaries