Record researchAgency recordsPublished statisticsSlide 4Published dataSlide 6Nonpublic agency recordsChild abuseHot spotsSlide 10Slide 11New data collected by staffProblemsSlide 14Content analysisSlide 16Slide 17Secondary analysisRecord researchRecord researchAgency recordsAgency recordsContent analysisContent analysisSecondary dataSecondary dataAgency recordsAgency recordsPublished statisticsPublished statisticsNonpublic records for routine internal Nonpublic records for routine internal useuseData collected by agency staff for Data collected by agency staff for specific researchspecific researchPublished statisticsPublished statisticsCompilations of dataCompilations of dataCensus bureauCensus bureauNCVS, Census of children in custody, NCVS, Census of children in custody, FBI (UCR), Survey of inmates in local FBI (UCR), Survey of inmates in local jails, correctional populations in the jails, correctional populations in the USUSPublished statisticsPublished statisticsBureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)Criminal Victimization in the U.S. Criminal Victimization in the U.S. (based on NCVS)(based on NCVS)Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Sourcebook of Criminal Justice StatisticsStatisticsPublic perceptions, characteristics of Public perceptions, characteristics of agencies, Gallup pollsagencies, Gallup pollshttp://www.albany.edu/sourcebookhttp://www.albany.edu/sourcebookPublished dataPublished dataEcological fallacyEcological fallacySummary data cannot be used, for Summary data cannot be used, for example, to describe individual example, to describe individual facilities or individual inmates.facilities or individual inmates.Example use: high levels of crack Example use: high levels of crack use in the population were found in use in the population were found in cities that had high robbery rates, cities that had high robbery rates, lower rates of burglarylower rates of burglaryPublished statisticsPublished statisticsUseful in the understanding of social Useful in the understanding of social trends and forces.trends and forces.Consider examplesConsider examples(i.e., breakdown of the family, media (i.e., breakdown of the family, media violence, etc)violence, etc)Nonpublic agency recordsNonpublic agency recordsUsually kept on individualsUsually kept on individualsMust be made available to Must be made available to researchersresearchersIn some instances (children and In some instances (children and youths) records require special youths) records require special protection (i.e., names and protection (i.e., names and identifying information blacked out, identifying information blacked out, of staff must pull informationof staff must pull informationChild abuseChild abuseVarious data sources had to be used, Various data sources had to be used, including school records, juvenile including school records, juvenile records, DFS, marriage license records, DFS, marriage license bureaus, law enforcement records at bureaus, law enforcement records at the adult levelthe adult levelUnreported activity a problem Unreported activity a problemHot spotsHot spotsCalls for service (CFS)Calls for service (CFS)50% of calls in Minneapolis came 50% of calls in Minneapolis came from 3% of locationsfrom 3% of locations““hot spots”hot spots”Potential problems: duplicate calls Potential problems: duplicate calls for same incident, false reportsfor same incident, false reportsAgency recordsAgency recordsAgency records can reflect decision Agency records can reflect decision making rather than actually what is making rather than actually what is happeninghappeningBaumer et al—inconsistencies Baumer et al—inconsistencies between juvenile probation violation between juvenile probation violation and other indicators of client and other indicators of client behavior such as new arrests and EM behavior such as new arrests and EM infractions. Pos were not catching infractions. Pos were not catching violationsviolationsAgency recordsAgency recordsIf unexpected patterns appear, If unexpected patterns appear, review data collection proceduresreview data collection procedures(i.e., 1% violation rate)(i.e., 1% violation rate)Example from drug rehab facilityExample from drug rehab facilityNew data collected by staffNew data collected by staffAdding a question onto an existing Adding a question onto an existing formformDrug Forecasting, ADAM (arrestee Drug Forecasting, ADAM (arrestee drug abuse monitoring system)drug abuse monitoring system)Supplementary interviewsSupplementary interviewsCooperation of staff: how intrusive is Cooperation of staff: how intrusive is the data collection?the data collection?ProblemsProblemsAgency data is a function of offender Agency data is a function of offender behavior, organization’s ability to behavior, organization’s ability to detect behavior, and decisions about detect behavior, and decisions about how to respond to behaviorhow to respond to behaviorAgency data are not always designed Agency data are not always designed for research, but rather for legal for research, but rather for legal mandates, and specific personnelmandates, and specific personnelErasing of records (computer tape Erasing of records (computer tape exampleexampleProblemsProblemsBacklogging old recordsBacklogging old recordsExample of judge vs. jury sentencingExample of judge vs. jury sentencingRecords sometimes do not “match Records sometimes do not “match up”up”Might be better to maintain records Might be better to maintain records on individuals rather than incidents, on individuals rather than incidents, but this is not always donebut this is not always doneClerical errorsClerical errorsContent analysisContent analysisStudy of messages and the meaning Study of messages and the meaning of those messagesof those messagesCan be applied to any form of Can be applied to any form of communicationcommunicationBooks, magazines, movies, songs, Books, magazines, movies, songs, speeches, TV programs, letters, laws, speeches, TV programs, letters, laws, constitutionsconstitutionsTV program exampleTV program exampleContent analysisContent analysisSamplingSamplingSee p. 340See p. 340Open ended and close ended codingOpen ended and close ended codingManifest and latent contentManifest and latent contentExamplesExamplesCrimes reported in newspapersCrimes reported in newspapersTV and crimeTV and crimeContent analysisContent analysisShowing content to criminals and