GradeBuddy PHIL1102 1ST Edition Lecture 2Outline of last lectureI. Statement and arguments II. Recognizing argumentsIII. Argument and explanationIV. Truth and logicV. Deductive and inductive argumentsVI. Identifying deductive and inductive argumentVII. Deductive argument: Validity and truth VIII. Inductive argument: strength and truth Outline of current lecture lX. Intension and Extension X. Using intentional definitions Xl. Using Extensional definitions Xll. Applying definitionsCurrent lecture lX. Intension and Extension - Term - A single word or group of words that can be the subject of a statement; it can be a common name a proper name, or even a descriptive phrase.- Use- I will vote because she has outlines a clear strategy for economic recovery.- Mention- The word “because” is a good premise indicator.- Two kinds of meaning - Intension (connotation): Specified by listing the properties or attributes that the term connotes.- Extension (denotation): The class or collection of object to which the termapplies.- Increasing intension - In a sequence of terms, each term connotes more attributions than the previous term.Water; ocean; Pacific Ocean- Increasing extension - In a sequence of terms, each, term denotes a set of objects with more members than the previous term.Banana; fruit; food; commodity - The intension determines the extension of the term, but the extension does not determine the intension.GradeBuddy PHIL1102 1ST EditionIX. Using intentional Definitions- An intentional (connotative) definition assigns a meaning to a term by listing the properties shared by all the objects that are denoted by the term- Strategies used to clarify intentional definitions - Synonymous definitions- Word origin definitions- Operational definitions- Definition by genus and difference - Synonymous Definitions - Assigns a meaning to a term by providing another term with the same meaning “Honest” means trustworthy.“Adversity” means misfortune.- Many words cannot be defined accurately by a synonym “Average person”- Word origin definitions - A meaning is assigned to a term by investigating its origin.The Greek word “etymologia,” combines two root words “etymo” meaning true sense and “logos” meaning (among other things) word. The suffix “logy” has another common meaning- the study of. - Operational definitions- Define a term by specifying a measurement produce. “Academic achievement” (Quantitative) GPA(Qualitative) letters of recommendation- Scientists use operational definitions to measure phenomena the can be observed only indirectly (such as radioactivity)- Definition by genus and difference- Assigns a meaning to a term (the species) by establishing a genus and combing it with the attribute that distinguishes the members of that species. Xl. Using extensional definitions- An extensional (denotative) definition assigns meaning to a term by indicating the class members denoted by the term. - Ostensive definitions - Enumerative definitions - Definitions by subclass - Ostensive Definitions - Involves demonstrating the term for example, by pointing to a member of the class that the term denotes.- Require nonverbal behavior- pointing, gesturing, drawing a picture, or showing a photograph- Enumerative definitionsGradeBuddy PHIL1102 1ST Edition- Assigns meaning to a term by naming the individual members of the class denote by the term.o Complete enumeration: “New England” means Connecticut, Maine,Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.o Partial enumeration: “The Knight of the Round Table” means someone such as Sir Galahad, Sir Lancelot or Gawain. Xll. Applying Definitions- Stipulative definitions - Introduce a new meaning to a term or symbol - Both intentional and extensional An iPod is a portable digital audio player with the capacity to store thousands of music tracks. Types of iPods: shuffle, nano, classic, and touch- Lexical Definitions- A definition based on the common use of a word, term, or symbol. - Dictionaries often use both intentional and extensional definitions - Precising Definitions - Reduse the vagueness and ambiguity of a term by providing a sharp focus, often a technical meaning, for a term. Legal definition of “burglary”: the breaking and unwanted entry into the dwelling place of another person with the intention of committing a felony.- Theoretical Definitions- Assigns a meaning to a term by providing an understanding of how the term fits into a general theory. “Factor” means the hereditary unit in which a characteristic (trait) is transmitted from one generation to the next. (Mendel’s theory of inheritance) - Persuasive Definitions - Assigns a meaning to a term with the direct purpose of influencing attitudes or opinions.- Goal is not to provide information but influence thinking about emotionally charged issues.“National Health Care” means that the government decides whether you live or die. “ National Health Care” means that we get the same medical care that greedy politicians