1Zoogeography – Chpt 16 – part 17;• Number of species - Marine (58% w/ 71% of water) v Freshwater (41%)• Freshwater – Primary (33%) v Secondary (8.1%) v Diadromous (.6%);• Lakes/rivers (< .009 % and .0001% total water supply respectively) - most freshwater in icecaps/ groundwater.• Marine – 71% of world water; 33 or 32 phyla – 15 exclusive.Water• 1. The World Ocean • 2. Glaciers and permanent snow cover • 3. Ground water, permafrost • 4. Lakes, rivers, bogs • 5. Water in atmosphereZoogeography• I. Pelagic1. Epipelagic2. Mesopelagic3. Bathypelagic 4. Abyssopelagic• II. Benthic5. Littoral, Sub-littoral 6. Bathyal7. Abyssal 8. Ultra-abyssalZoogeography• Major Marine Zoogeographic Regions - Four Main Ecological Divisions of Marine Fish • Epipelagic - surface down to 200 m – 1.3% of species (325 spp); • Continents and temperature –examples of tunas (most widespread – Little tunas associated with shore), halfbeaks (offshore –Hemiramphus – more widespread than inshore –Hyporhamphus) and needlefish (same with needlefish)2Zoogeography• Major Marine Zoogeographic Regions -Four Main Ecological Divisions of Marine Fish • Deep Pelagic -mesopelagic (200 m to 1000m) and bathypelagic (> 1000 m) – 5%; • Sills (ridges that act as barriers) and temperature limit – temps vary in different deep zones Zoogeography• Major Marine Zoogeographic Regions - Four Main Ecological Divisions of Marine Fish• 3) Deep Benthic –6.4% or 1500 spp; Zoogeography• Major Marine Zoogeographic Regions - Four Main Ecological Divisions of Marine Fish• 4) Littoral or Continental Shelf – Shore and shelf above 200 m – 11,250 spp. 45% (39.9% Shallow-warm; Shallow-cold 5.6%) -Temperature limits both fish and habitat – corals above 50m, > 18 degrees C.Coral Reef Distribution - above 50m, > 18 degrees C.3Inshore divided into four Major Inshore Marine Regions -separated by continents or vast marine regions• 1) Indo-West Pacific Region – 3000+ species = 1/3; corals; bivalves etcInshore divided into four Major Inshore Marine Regions -separated by continents or vast marine regions• 2) Western Atlantic – about 1200 spp –associated w/ West Indian coral reefsInshore divided into four Major Inshore Marine Regions -separated by continents or vast marine regions• 3) Eastern Pacific – recently separated from western Atlantic; -barrier = open ocean – The elevation of the Panama Ismathus about 3 million years ago – geminate species pairsInshore divided into four Major Inshore Marine Regions -separated by continents or vast marine regions• 4) Eastern Atlantic Region – relatively depauperate500+ inshore spp.4Zoogeography• Vicariance Biogeography – Distributions and phylogeny = area cladogram;• Vicariance event vs. Dispersal• Barrier vs. Filter barrier• Three Kinds of Dispersal Leading to Range Expansion• Jump Dispersal• Diffusion• Secular MigrationZoogeography• Continental Drift –Continental drift 1915 (Alfred Wegener) • Pangea (single landmass – 430 mya); About 180 mya split into Gondwana (SA, Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar and India) vs. Laurasia (Eurasia and North America)Zoogeography• Mediterranean Sea – depauperate – 540+ species; Historical drying; Suez canal –one way transfers – open and empty niches for warm water species; widespread spp. penetrate. • Arctic and Antarctic (274 spp surrounding – 174 immediate) Fishes – 5.6% - lots of cool adaptationsFreshwater Fishes• Greater contribution to biodiversity - 41% diversity but .0093% of water; marine = 113,000 km2/sp available vs. freshwater 15 km2/sp available.• Ecological versus Historical (phylogenetic & geologic) - Productivity (shallow productive) and Isolation (freq biogeographic events)• Primary (strict) v Secondary (occasional marine)• Freshwater fish vs. Peripheral (marine that are part time in fresh or some part of life history = diadromous)5Six Regions of Freshwater Fish (Alfred Russel Wallace 1876) Six Regions of Freshwater Fish• 1) Nearctic - N Amer - 14 fam; 950 spp.; Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Ictaluridae, Percidae, Centrarchidae.– Three subregions: 1) Arctic-Atlantic 2) Pacific 3) Mexican transitionSix Regions of Freshwater Fish• 2) Neotropical - S Amer - 32 fam; 2500 spp. no minnows/suckers – Charicins; Catfish; Gymnotids; Cichlids - many marine invadersSix Regions of Freshwater Fish• 3) Palearctic - N Europe & Asia – 14 families;6Six Regions of Freshwater Fish• 4) African – Diverse - 27 families primary; 47 overall - 2000 + spp. Six Regions of Freshwater Fish• 4) African – Diverse - 27 families primary; 47 overall - 2000 + spp. Six Regions of Freshwater Fish• 6) Austalian - 2 sp primary only; Ancient relicts – Osteoglossidae(Scleropages) and Ceratodontidae (Neoceratodus); 16 family marine origin.Archaic• Archaic – 6 groups – distributions = continental drift • 1) Lungfish - 3 genera - Africa; SA and Australian• 2) Bichirs – 11 spp. 2 genera in Africa – fossil = SA• 3) Paddlefish – one Mississippi and China• 4) Gars; 7 NA, CA, Cuba w/ fossils in India and Europe• 5) Amiidae – one living – fossil on all except Australia• 6) Osteoglossomorphs – (Primitive Teleost) – Primitive, widespread (no Australia)7Recent• Recent – Five groups primary freshwater• 1) Pickerels and relatives – NA – Europe and Asia; Northern Pike – greatest distribution of any north hemisphere fish • 2) Darters and perches – NA; Europe, Asia • 3) Sunfish – 12 E NA and 1 California (Archoplites)• 4) Cichlids – Madagascar; India; SA and Africa• 5) Ostariophysi– Cypriniformes – three large 2 small families– Carps and Minnows – missing SA and Australia– Suckers – NA except 1