Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. sp2 orbitalsCHEM 333 1st EditionI. sp orbitalsHow to identify hybridization of each atomCombine resonance and hybridizationBond angles/3D and bond polarityOutline of Current Lecture II. HydrocarbonsA. AlkanesB. AlkenesC. Alkynes III. Functional GroupsA. Alkyl HalidesB. AlcoholsC. EthersD. AminesE. AldehydesF. KetonesG. Carboxylic AcidsH. EstersI. AmidesJ. NitrilesIV. Physical PropertiesCurrent LectureI. Hydrocarbons: only contain C (carbon) or H (hydrogen)A. Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbona. Every C has a maximum number of H’sb. No multiple bondsc. Suffix: -aned. Examples:e. Methane Propanef. B. Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbona. Has less than the maximum number of H’sb. Has one or more double bondsc. Suffix: -ened. Examples:e.C. Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbona. Has less than the maximum number of H’sb. Has one or more triple bondc. Suffix: -yned. Examples:e.II. Functional GroupsA. Alkyl Halides: Alkane with a halide (I, Br, Cl, F) in place of Ha. Examples:b.c. Can be classified as 1°, 2°, or 3°i. 1°: Halide bonded to C and C and attached to one other C1. Example:2.ii. 2°: Halide bonded to C and C and attached to two other C’s1. Example:2.iii. 3°: Halide bonded to C and C and attached to three other C’s1. Example:2.B. Alcohols: OH (hydroxl) bonded to an sp3 carbona. Examples:b. Methanol Ethanolc. d. Can be classified as 1°, 2°, or 3°i. 1°: OH bonded to C and C and attached to one other C1. Example:2.ii. 2°: OH bonded to C and C and attached to two other C’s1. Example:2.iii. 3°: OH bonded to C and C and attached to three other C’s1. Example:2.C. Ethers: Oxygen bonded to two different alkyl groupsa. Examples:b. THF (tetrohydrofaran) Diethyl etherc. D. Amines: Contains amino group (a nitrogen bonded to one, two, or three carbons by a single bond)a. Can be classified as 1°, 2°, or 3°i. 1°: N bonded to one C and two H’s1. Example:2.ii. 2°: N bonded to two C’s and one H1. Example:2.iii. 3°: N bonded to three C’s1. Example:2.E. Aldehydes: Carbonyl (C=O) bonded to one H and one Ca. Examples:b. Formaldehydec.F. Ketones: Carbonyl bonded to two C’sa. Examples:b. Acetonec.G. Carboxylic Acids: Contains a carbonyl bonded to an OH and a Ca. Examples:b. Acetic acidc.H. Esters: Derivative of carboxylic acid where H is replaced with Ca. Examples:b. Ethyl acetatec.I. Amides: Derivative of carboxylic acid where OH is replaced with an aminea. Examples:b.J. Nitriles: Nitrogen triple bonded to a carbona. Examples:b.III. Physical Properties: look for solid, liquid, gas, melting point, and boiling point. Intermolecular forces affect these properties.A. Ion-Ion Forces: Strong electrostatic forces between positive and negative charges. Takes high energy to break interaction, has a high melting point, and has a high boiling point.B. Van der Waals Forces: Forces between molecules (interactions)a. Dipole-Dipole: Some molecules are polar and have a permanent dipole. They orient so the positive part of one molecule lines with the negative part of another. This causes strong interactions with each other.C. Hydrogen Bonds: Strong interaction between heteroatom with H and heteroatom with a lone pair. Found with O, N, and F. These bonds are weaker than covalent bonds, but stronger than
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