Lecture 1Outline of Last Lecture**No lecture**Outline of Current Lecture I. Statement and arguments II. Recognizing argumentsIII. Argument and exlinationIV. Truth and logicV. Deductive and inductive argumentsVI. Identifying deductive and inductive argumentVII. Deductive argument: Validity and truth VIII. Inductive argument: strength and truth Current lecturel. Statement and Arguments A. Statement - A sentence that makes a claim - Has one of two truth values: true or false Compare:Is the door openQuestionThe door is open!Exclamation Close the door now.CommandThe door is openStatement B. Inference - The reasoning process expressed by an argument C. Argument - Establishes support for the truth of a claim- Contains premise(s) and a conclusionEx: We should boycott the company. They have been found guilty of producing widgets that they knew were faulty, and the caused numerous injuries. ll. Recognizing Arguments A. Arguments contain premise(s) in support of conclusionConclusion and premise indicators help us identify arguments PHIL11021ST EDITION- Conclusion Indicators: Therefore, Consequently, It proves that, Thus, In conclusion, suggest that, so, it follows that, implies that, hence.- Premise Indicators: Because, Assuming that, as indicated that, since, as shown by,the fact that, given that.lll. Arguments and ExplanationsA. Explanation- Use “because” to provide reason for how an event occurred (an already accepted fact)B. Compare- Argument (premise) Because you started lifting weights without first getting a physical checkup,(conclusion) you will probably injure your back- Explanation Your back injury occurred because you lifted weights withoutfirst getting a physical checkup (an already accepted fact)lV. Truth and Logic A. Truth value analysis- Determines if the information in the premises is accurate, correct, or true.B. Logical analysis- Determines the strength which the premises support the conclusion.Premises: (a) “it is raining.” (b) “when it rains, games are usually cancelled.”Conclusion: “therefore, the game is probably cancelled.”V. Deductive and inductive Arguments A. Deductive argumento One in which it is claimed (inferential claim) that - The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises- True premises make it impossible for the conclusion to be falseB. Inductive argumento One in which it is claimed (inferential claim) that - The premises make the conclusion probable- True premises make it improbable for the conclusion to be falseVl. Identifying Deductive and Inductive ArgumentsA. Key word/phrases- Deductive: Necessarily, certainty, definitely- Inductive: Probably, likely, unlikely, plausibleB. Strength of argument - Deductive: conclusion necessarily true- Inductive: conclusion (only) probably true C. Types of argument PHIL11021ST EDITION- Deductive: mathematics, geometry, definitions- Inductive: analogical, legal, moral, statistical, scientific Vll. Deductive Arguments: Validity and TruthA. Logical analysis tells us whether a deductive argument is valid or invalid- Valid deductive argument: True premises make it impossible for the conclusion to be false - Invalid deductive argument: Even if the premises are true, it is still possible for the conclusion to be false.B. Truth analysis tells us whether a deductive argument is sound or unsound - Sound argument: The argument is valid and the premises are, in fact true- Unsound argument: The argument is invalid or at least one premise is falseC. Counterexample to a statement - Provides evidence that statement is false D. Counterexample to an argument - Shows that true premises do not make the conclusion necessarily true (argument is invalid)Vlll. Inductive Arguments: Strength and TruthA. Logical analysis tells us whether an inductive argument is strong or weak- Strong inductive argument: true premises make it probable that the conclusion is true- Weak inductive argument: true premises do not make it probable that the conclusion is true B. Truth analysis tells us whether an inductive argument is cogent or uncogent - Cogent inductive argument: the argument is strong and the premises are true- Uncogent inductive argument: the argument is weak or has at least one false premise PHIL11021ST