Biological (genomic) informationC Value paradox The amount of DNA in the haploid genome of a species does not correlate with its morphological complexity.Transcription polymerase forms mRNA from DNATranslation ribosome forms protein from mRNARegulationVariation Insertion-deletion mutationsVariation Substitution mutationsVariation Transcriptional control can be modified by the insertion of transposable elements (e.g. Alu sequences) or mutation.Post-transcriptional variation Alternative pre-mRNA splicing have lately been shown to take place for at least half of the genes among human and other eukaryotes. Differential splicing is probably more the rule than the exception.C Value variation Genome sizes among flowering plants vary dramatically over almost 3 orders of magnitude, Genome size variation greatly exceeds estimates of differences in gene numbers. Plant genomes expand by several mechanisms, including polyploidization, transposition, and gene duplication.Synteny: comparison of genomic sequence data of two different species facilitates the identification of novel genes and conserved regulatory elements.Population level variation Natural selection Sexual reproduction (independent assortment in meiosis) Gene flow Genetic driftSuggested Reading ftp://ftp.amnh.org/pub/people/djanies/bmi731 White FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AND THE STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION AND EVOLUTION Searls PHARMACOPHYLOGENOMICS: GENES, EVOLUTION AND DRUG TARGETS Rubin and Hall PERSPECTIVES FOR VASCULAR GENOMICSBiological (genomic) informationDan [email protected] Value paradoxThe amount of DNA in the haploid genome of a species does not correlate with its morphological complexity.Transcription polymerase forms mRNA from DNATranslationribosome forms protein from mRNARegulationCIS regulatory elements: DNA sequences in the vicinity of thestructural portion of a gene that are required for gene expressionsuch as:promotersenhancerssilencersTrans-acting factors: proteins that bind to the cis-actingsequences to control gene expressionsuch as:products of regulatory genesgeneralizedspecificVariation Insertion-deletion mutationsGGC CTTGCC ATT TTG GCC TT.GCC ATT TTGCC ATT TTG GCC TT.GCC ATT TT Tdelete TGGC CTTTinsert TVariation Substitution mutationsTransversionsTransitionsAdenineGuanineCytosine ThymineVariation Transcriptional control can be modified by the insertion of transposable elements (e.g. Alu sequences) or mutation.Post-transcriptional variationAlternative pre-mRNA splicing have lately been shown to take place for at least half of the genes among human and other eukaryotes. Differential splicing is probably more the rule than the exception.C Value variation Genome sizes among flowering plants vary dramatically over almost 3 orders of magnitude, Genome size variation greatly exceeds estimates of differences in gene numbers.Plant genomes expand by several mechanisms, including polyploidization, transposition, and gene duplication.Synteny:comparison of genomic sequence data of two different species facilitates the identification of novel genes and conserved regulatory elements.Population level variationNatural selectionSexual reproduction (independent assortment in meiosis)Gene flowGenetic driftSuggested Readingftp://ftp.amnh.org/pub/people/djanies/bmi731WhiteFUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AND THE STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT, VARIATION AND EVOLUTIONSearlsPHARMACOPHYLOGENOMICS: GENES, EVOLUTION AND DRUG TARGETSRubin and HallPERSPECTIVES FOR VASCULAR