Ethics: An IntroductionPowerPoint PresentationSlide 3WHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?Slide 5HistoryHistory: Misconduct CasesMisconduct Cases: William SummerlinMisconduct Cases: Robert SlutskySlide 10Misconduct Cases: Thereza Imanishi-KariSlide 12Requirements to Teach Responsible Conduct of ResearchSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Integrity of ResearchSlide 19Public PerceptionSlide 21Avoiding ProblemsSlide 23WHAT IS "Responsible Conduct of Research?"Responsible ConductIrresponsible Conduct?Slide 27QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONSlide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32UCSD Research Ethics ProgramSlide 34Slide 35Slide 36Ethics:An IntroductionEthics:An IntroductionMichael Kalichman, Ph.D.PathologyDirector, UCSD Research Ethics ProgramCSE 190April 4, 2002WHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH?QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONWHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH?QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONWHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?•History•Requirements for Training•Integrity of Research•Public Obligation•Avoiding ProblemsWHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?•HistoryExperimental Science: 17th centuryMillikan: 20th centuryWorld War IIBeecher, New England Journal of Medicine, 1966Tuskegee: 1932-1973•412 African American males•untreated syphilisHistoryHistoryHistory: Misconduct CasesHistory: Misconduct Cases•Summerlin•Slutsky•Imanishi-Kari1971-1974•worked with Robert Good, an immunologistSloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research•Observation: tissue maintained in organ culture for 4-6 wks transplantable without rejectionBy 3/74:•Data not being reproduced•Good prepared to publish failure to replicateUsed black felt-tip pen to paint backs of miceMisconduct Cases: William SummerlinMisconduct Cases: William SummerlinMisconduct Cases: Robert SlutskyMisconduct Cases: Robert SlutskyRadiology Resident and Associate Clinical Professor of Radiology, UCSD1983-1985•One paper every 10 days over a period of 2 years.1985•Department ad hoc committee•Apparent duplication of data in two publicationsMisconduct Cases: Robert SlutskyMisconduct Cases: Robert SlutskyFormal ad hoc committee assigned to caseReports found to include:-experiments that were not performed-measurements that were not made-statistical analyses that were not performed.Analysis of 137 articles:-77 (including reviews) were valid-48 were questionable-12 were fraudulentPrincipals:•Thereza Imanishi-Kari (Principal Investigator)•Margot O’Toole (Postdoc)•David Baltimore (Collaborator)Weaver et al. (Cell 45:247-259, 1986)1985-1998•Tufts, MIT•NIH, OSI, Congress, ORI, DHHS appeals boardMisconduct Cases:Thereza Imanishi-KariMisconduct Cases:Thereza Imanishi-KariWHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?•History•Requirements for TrainingRequirements to TeachResponsible Conduct of ResearchRequirements to TeachResponsible Conduct of ResearchNIH Training Grant Requirement•TraineesPHS Human Subjects Training Requirement•Key personnelPHS Policy for all Researchers•Trainees, Staff, Faculty•NIH TRAINING GRANTS•“Since July 1990, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has required all applications for Institutional National Research Service Award (NRSA) Research Training Grants (T32, T34) to include a description of a program to provide instruction in the responsible conduct of research.”•NIH GUIDE, Volume 21, Number 43, November 27, 1992Requirements to TeachResponsible Conduct of ResearchRequirements to TeachResponsible Conduct of Research•HUMAN SUBJECTS RESEARCH•“Beginning on October 1, 2000, the NIH will require education on the protection of human research participants for all investigators submitting NIH applications for grants or proposals for contracts or receiving new or non-competing awards for research involving human subjects.”•NIH Notice, OD-00-039, June 5, 2000Requirements to TeachResponsible Conduct of ResearchRequirements to TeachResponsible Conduct of Research•ALL PHS RESEARCH STAFF•“It is the policy of the PHS that all staff engaged in research or research training with PHS support shall successfully complete a program of instruction in the responsible conduct of research...”•PHS Policy, December 2000; suspended, February 2001Requirements to TeachResponsible Conduct of ResearchRequirements to TeachResponsible Conduct of ResearchWHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?•History•Requirements for Training•Integrity of ResearchIntegrity of ResearchIntegrity of ResearchObligation to traineesTrust in what we readIntegrity of scienceWHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?•History•Requirements for Training•Integrity of Research•Public ObligationPublic PerceptionPublic PerceptionEthical responsibility•Public servants•ObligationPractical consideration•The privilege to do research … is granted by the publicWHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?•History•Requirements for Training•Integrity of Research•Public Obligation•Avoiding Problems1. Desire to do the right thing2. Desire to not get caught3. Meet federal regulations4. Integrity of science5. Obligation to public6. Perception as bad as a mistakeAvoiding ProblemsAvoiding ProblemsWHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH?QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONWHAT IS"Responsible Conduct of Research?"WHAT IS"Responsible Conduct of Research?"Responsible ConductIrresponsible ConductWhat you doWhat you don't do•Rules, guidelines, standards•Promote responsible conduct•Discourage irresponsible conduct•Break the law•Violate accepted standards of conductResponsible ConductResponsible ConductIrresponsible Conduct?Irresponsible Conduct?Violations of law•Placing others at risk of physical harm•Theft•Fabrication, Falsification, PlagiarismGrey areas•Failure to share data•Withholding publication for personal advantage•Gift authorship•Denial of authorship•Failure to give sufficient credit•Bias in research or reviewWHY SHOULD WE TEACH ETHICS?WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE CONDUCT OF RESEARCH?QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONCheating•What is it?•Why does it occur?•When is it OK?QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONConfidentiality•What is it?•Does it matter?•Is it at risk?•How can it be protected?QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONCredit•What is it?•Why does it matter?•Who deserves