CM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsSlide Number 19CM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120 Piping SystemsCM4120Piping Systems1Piping Systems in the Chemical Process Industries – part 1March, 2009{ Introduction{ Basis for Design{ Piping Codes and Standards{ Design of Process Piping SystemsCM4120Piping Systems2“Piping systems are like arteries and veins. They carry the lifeblood of modern civilization.”Mohinder Nayyar, P.E.Piping Handbook, 7thed.McGraw-Hill, 2000Earliest piping systems:AqueductsHollow-Log PipingFacilitated growth of ancient civilizations.Not the ME’s!So, it was the ChemE’s!CM4120Piping Systems3Piping Systems include:{ Pipe, Flanges, Fittings{ Bolting, Gaskets{ Valves{ Hangers and Supports{ Insulations, Coverings, Coatings{ Heat TracingCM4120Piping Systems4Primary Design Consideration is Safetyy Evaluate Process Conditions{ Temperature{ Pressure{ Chemical compatibility/Corrosion allowances{ Vibration, flexing, bending{ Expansion/Contraction due to temperature change{ Environmental conditionsy Evaluate the Effects of a Leaky Evaluate Performance in a Fire SituationCM4120Piping Systems5Secondary Considerationsy Evaluate any Special Requirements{ Sanitary requirements – “Cleanability”{ Serviceability – ease of maintenance of equipment{ Possible contamination of process fluid by piping materials, sealants, or gasketing{ Earthquake, Hurricane, Lightening, Permafrosty Lowest Cost over the LifetimeCM4120Piping Systems6Piping System Routing and LayoutThe unwritten #1 rule:Serviceability/OperabilityCM4120Piping Systems7Piping System Design Criteria4 areas to consider:{ Physical Attributes{ Loading and Service Conditions{ Environmental Factors{ Materials-Related ConsiderationsCM4120Piping Systems8Codes and Standards simplify design, manufacturing, installation processy Standards – provide design criteria for components{ standard sizes for pipe{ dimensions for fittings or valvesy Codes – specific design/fabrication methodologies{ Incorporated into local/regional statute { It’s the LAWCM4120Piping Systems9y ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codey ASME B31: Code for Pressure Pipingy ANSI Standards – dimensions for valves, piping, fittings, nuts/washers, etc.y ASTM Standards for piping and tubey API – Specs for pipe and pipelinesy AWS, ASHRAE, NFPA, PPI, UL, etc.CM4120Piping Systems10ASME B31 Pertinent sectionsy B31.1 – Power plant boilersy B31.3 – Chemical plant and refinery pipingy B31.4 – Liquid petroleum transporty B31.7 – Nuclear power plant radioactive fluidsCM4120Piping Systems11ASME B31.3 – Chemical Plant and Refinery Piping CodeIncludes piping systems in:y Chemical and refinery plantsy Pharmaceutical and food processingy Textile and paper plantsy BoilersCM4120Piping Systems12ASME B31.3 covers:y Materials of constructiony Piping design processy Fabrication, Erection, Assemblyy Design of supportsy Examination, inspection, and testingCM4120Piping Systems13Piping Design Process – a three step approach1. Design for Flow{ Find min. diameter to achieve desired flow velocity2. Design for Pressure Integrity{ Find min. wall thickness for process and external conditions{ Find appropriate rating of in-line components3. Re-check for Flow CriteriaCM4120Piping Systems14Standard Pipe SizesDiameters are “Nominal”{ Sizes 12” and less, nominal size < OD{ Sizes 14” and over, nominal size = ODWall thickness inferred thru “Schedule”{ Defined Schedules:5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160CM4120Piping Systems15What is Pipe Schedule?{ Schedule = P/S * 1000P = max. working pressure of pipe, psigS = allowable stress in piping material, psiFor carbon steel pipe, S = 36,000 psi{ What is max. working pressure for Schedule 40 Carbon Steel pipe?psigP 14401000000,36*40==CM4120Piping Systems16Standard Tubing Sizesy Steel tubing{ Diameters are Actual OD{ Wall thickness is specifiedy Refrigeration Tubing{ Single wall thickness available for each size{ Actual ODy Copper Tubing – Nominal sizes{ Type K, L, MCM4120Piping Systems17Criteria for “Design for Flow”y EconomicsServiceable over Design LifeSmallest diameter usually is lowest costy PerformanceMinimum entrainment velocityPrevent erosion or cavitationCM4120Piping Systems18Design Rules of Thumb when sizing for velocity...Water lines: 3-10 ft/secPump discharge: 3-12 ft/secPump suction: (1/3 x discharge velocity)Steam: low pressure (25 psig or less) 50-100 ft/sechigh pressure (>100 psig) 100-200 ft/secSlurries: > min. entrainment velocityfrom Peters and Timmerhaus, Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, 4thed., McGraw-Hill, 1991.19CM4120Piping Systems20Materials – Metallic pipingCarbon and low alloy steel{ Ductile{ Inexpensive and available{ Easy to machine, weld, cut{ Some drawbacksCM4120Piping Systems21Materials – Metallic pipingAlloy Steels including “Stainless Steels”{ Good corrosion resistance{ More difficult to machine, weld, cut{ Some drawbacksCM4120Piping Systems22Materials – Metallic pipingNickel, Titanium, Copper, etc.{ Copper is used in residential and commercial applications and is widely available{ Other materials are expensive and difficult to machine, weld, join{ Some incompatibilities with eachCM4120Piping Systems23Materials – Non-Metallic pipingThermoplastics{ Wide range of chemical compatibility{ Light weight{ Easily cut and joined{ Low temperature limits{ Need extra supportsCM4120Piping Systems24Materials – Non-Metallic pipingFiberglass Reinforced Pipe{ Wide range of chemical compatibility{ Easily cut and joined{ Wider temperature limits than thermoplastics{ Thermal expansion similar to carbon steel{ Similar structural performance as carbon steelCM4120Piping Systems25Materials – OthersGlassConcreteLined