BILD 2 Midterm 1A (answers in BOLD)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The following events occur when a mammalian immune system first encounters a pathogen. Place them in correct sequence and then choose the answer that indicates that sequence. I. Pathogen is destroyed. II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V. Only memory cells remain. A. I, III, II, IV, V B. III, II, I, V, IV C. II, I, IV, III, V D. IV, II, III, I, V E. III, IV, II, I, V 2) Which of the following is more descriptive of ectotherms than endotherms? A. coupled circulatory and gas exchange systems B. energetically efficient and relatively inexpensive C. high metabolic rate and retained metabolic heat D. ability to maintain activity in low temperatures E. ability to sustain vigorous activity 3) The hepatic portal vein A. supplies oxygenated blood to the liver. B. drains the lacteals of the villi. C. carries absorbed nutrients to the liver for processing. D. carries blood from the liver to the heart. E. supplies the capillaries of the intestines. 4) Which common event most closely resembles negative feedback? A. The chlorine level of a swimming pool decreases when the chlorinator is turned off. B. The flame size on a gas stove changes when the gas is turned off. C. There is a continual buildup of moisture in a basement with a dehumidifier running. D. There is a decrease in water pressure when the faucet is slowly turned off. E. The water shuts off when the float rises in the tank of a toilet. 5) Consider the energy budgets for a human, a goat, a penguin, a mouse, and a python. The ________ would have the lowest total annual energy expenditure, and the ________ would have the lowest energy expenditure per unit mass. A. python; mouse B. mouse; goat C. human; penguin D. python; human E. mouse; python 6) Most nutrients are absorbed across the epithelium of the A. colon. B. stomach. C. esophagus. D. small intestine. E. large intestine.7) In which blood vessel is glucose concentration likely to vary the most? A. abdominal artery B. coronary arteries C. pulmonary veins D. hepatic portal vessel E. hepatic vein, which drains the liver 8) In a human, the vena cavae (plural) empty into A. liver sinuses. B. the right ventricle. C. the left ventricle. D. the left atrium. E. the right atrium. 9) Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart? A. amphibians B. birds C. fishes D. mammals E. reptiles 10) Blood in a human artery is on its way to pick up nutrients from the small intestine. From this artery, how many capillary beds must the blood pass through before it returns to the left ventricle of the heart? A. one B. two C. three D. four E. two or three, depending on the route it subsequently takes. 11) What is the reason that fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriole end? A. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. B. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. C. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood. D. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. E. The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid. 12) Which of the following is not a function of plasma proteins in humans? A. maintenance of blood osmotic pressure B. transport of water-insoluble lipids C. blood clotting D. immune responses E. oxygen transport 13) Matrices of connective tissue include all of the following except A. chondroitin sulfate of cartilage. B. actin and myosin of muscle. C. plasma of blood. D. hydroxyapatite of bone. E. more than one of the above14) Hydrochloric acid in the stomach A. denatures (unfolds) proteins. B. activates pancreatic trypsin. C. can kill ingested bacteria. D. A and C only E. A, B, and C. 15) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because A. the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume. B. pressure in the alveoli increases. C. gas flows from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. D. pulmonary muscles contract and pull on the outer surface of the lungs. E. a positive respiratory pressure is created when the diaphragm relaxes. 16) The body is capable of catabolizing many substances as sources of energy. Which of the following would be used as an energy source only after the depletion of other sources? A. fat in adipose tissue B. glucose in the blood C. protein in muscle cells D. glycogen in muscle cells E. calcium phosphate in bone 17) Why is the respiratory system of a bird more efficient than the human respiratory system? A. The bird respiratory system does not mix exhaled air with inhaled air. B. A bird lung contains multiple alveoli, which increases the amount of surface area available for gas exchange. C. The human respiratory system ends in small parabronchi, which reduce the amount of surface area available for gas exchange. D. Only B and C are correct. E. A, B, and C are correct. 18) Which one of these statements about lungs is false? A. Gas exchange takes place across moist membranes. B. The gases move across the exchange membranes by diffusion. C. The total exchange surface area is relatively large. D. The lining of the alveoli is only one cell thick. E. The concentration of CO2 is higher in the air than in the alveolar capillaries. 19) Which action below is affected by an antihistamine? A. blood vessel dilation B. phagocytosis of antigens C. MHC presentation by macrophages D. the secondary immune response E. clonal selection by antigens 20) Much to my dismay, after 28 years the Weekly World News (The World’s Only Reliable Newspaper) is going out of business. Which is your favorite WWN headline? (any answer is correct) A. “Goldfish attacks honeymoon couple.” B. “Killer
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