1Bioengineering 280APrinciples ofBiomedical ImagingFall Quarter 2007Lecture 1Goals of the Course1. Develop a firm understanding of thefundamentals of medical imaging, includingan appreciation for the common principlesunderlying the various modalities.2. Gain a basic understanding of the physicalprinciples underlying the major modalities,including X-ray, computed tomography, MRI,and ultrasound.Basic ImagingImagingDeviceObjectReconstructionAlgorithmMeasured DataImage of objectBrief History of Medical Imaging1895 - Roentgen discovers X-rays1942 - Dussik demonstrates transmission ultrasoundin the brain.1946 - Bloch and Purcell discover nuclear magneticresonance (NMR)1972 - Hounsfield develops the first computedtomography scanner.1973 - Lauterbur invents magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI)1974 - Ledley develops the first whole body CTscanner.2X-Rays8 November 1895, Wilhelm Conrad Roentgendiscovers X-rays. Receives first Nobel Prizein Physics in 1901.22 November 1895 X-ray of Mrs.Roentegen’s hand.X-RayAn early X-ray imaging systemX-RayComputed Tomography1917 Johann Radon establishes the mathematicalframework for tomography, now called the Radontransform.1972 Godfrey Hounsfield develops first CTsystem. Unaware of either Radon or Cormack’swork, develops his own reconstruction method.1979 Hounsfield and Cormack receive the NobelPrize in Physiology or Medicine.1963. Allan Cormack publishes mathematicalanalysis of tomographic image reconstruction. Isunaware of Radon’s work.3Computed TomographyFrom http://www.sprawls.org/resources/CTIMG/classroom.htmComputed TomographyFrom http://www.sv.vt.edu/xray_ct/parallełParallel_CT.htmlComputed TomographyFrom http://www.sprawls.org/resources/CTIMG/classroom.htmComputed TomographyImage from Siemens SiretomCT scanner, circa 1975.128x128 matrix.Modern CT image acquiredwith a Siemens scanner.512x512 matrix.4Computed Tomography5History of Ultrasound1942 Dr.Karl Theodore DussikTransmission ultrasoundinvestigation of the brainFirst published work on medicalultrasonics.History of UltrasoundHolmes and Howry, 1955Subject submerged in water tankto achieve good acoustic coupling.Image of normal neck.History of UltrasoundAutomatic scanner, Glasgow, ca1959. Image shows twin gestationsacs (s) and bladder (B).Ultrasound SystemsAcuson SequoiaSonosite 1806Doppler Ultrasound3D UltrasoundHistory of MRI1946: Felix Bloch (Stanford) andEdward Purcell (Harvard)demonstrate nuclear magneticresonance (NMR)1973: Paul Lauterbur (SUNY)published first MRI image inNature.History of MRILate 1970’s: First human MRI imagesEarly 1980’s: First commercial MRI systems1993: functional MRI in humans demonstrated7Clinical MRI System3 Tesla Magnet at UCSDMagnetImage from http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/~stuart/lectures/lecture1/Image ContrastImage from Rick BuxtonT1-weighted T2-weightedDensity-weighted8MR AngiographyImage from R. BuxtonPerfusion Imaging with ContrastImage from http://irc.chmcc.org/PowerPoint_HTMŁpMRI/moyamoya_files/frame.htmPerfusion Imaging with ASLImage from E.C. WongCardiac ImagingImage fromhttp://www.bidmc. harvard.edu/cmr/smash/smash.html9Cardiac TaggingImage from http://www.mri.jhu.edu/~emcveigh/LabIntro/tagging.htmlHyperpolarized HeliumImage from http://www.physics.utah.edu/~saam/#RESFunctional MRIImage from http://www.brainvoyager.de/Diffusion Tensor ImagingImage from L. Frank10MR MicroscopyImage from http://mouseatlas.caltech.edu/MR SpectroscopyImage from http://www.sf.med.va.gov/mrs/ad/result.htmMolecular ImagingImage from
View Full Document
Unlocking...