HNF 461 Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Glucose Transporters II Importance of Km Levels III Functions of Glucose in the Cells IV Glucose Phosphorylation V Enzymes Regulated to Control Glycolysis VI Pyruvate Dehydrogenase PDH VII ATP NADH Products of Glycolysis Outline of Current Lecture I Overview of Processes a TCA Cycle b Electron Transport Chain II PDH III TCA Cycle IV Electron Transport Chain V ATP Produced in Glycolysis TCA Cycle and PDH VI Malate Aspartate Shuttle VII Glycerol 3 Phosphate Shuttle VIII Brown Adipose Tissue Current Lecture TCA Cycle and Electron Transport Chain 1 Overview of Processes a TCA Cycle Acetyl CoA is oxidized 2 carbons released as 2 CO2 in one cycle Produces NADH FADH2 and ATP b Electron Transport Chain NADH and FADH2 enter mitochondrial membrane and are oxidized to produce ATP 2 PDH a Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA 3 TCA Cycle generate substrates for fatty acid glucose and amino acid synthesis a Names TCA Cycle citric acid cycle and Krebs cycle b Not a closed cycle molecules continuously go in and out c Occurs in close proximity to electron transport chain efficiency d 1 acetyl CoA produces 2 CO2 3 NADH 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP 4 Electron Transport Chain Synthesizes ATP in mitochondrial inner membrane These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 5 6 7 8 a NADH released from TCA cycle is oxidized to NAD in complex 1 The electron lost is passed through the chain of complexes b FADH2 enters complex 2 and oxidized to FAD enters later so less FAD is produced than NAD c Hydrogens pumped into matrix Creates a gradient that charges the production of ATP in the last structure of the electron transport chain d Inhibited by low oxygen supply low ADP or high ATP ATP Produced in Glycolysis TCA Cycle and PDH from 1 molecule of glucose a Glycolysis 2 NADH and 2 ATP b TCA Cycle 6 NADH 3 NADH pyruvate 2 FADH2 2 ATP c PDH 2 NADH d Total 10 NADH x 2 5 ATP NADH 2 FADH2 x 1 5 ATP FADH2 4 ATP i GRAND TOTAL 32 ATP for 1 glucose Malate Aspartate Shuttle Transports NADH from cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix in the brain and muscles a Enzyme oxaloacetate is reduced by 1 NADH to form malate and NAD Malate transported to matrix where the NAD is converted back to NADH b 2nd Cycle oxaloacetate reacts with glutamate to become aspartate which is converted back to oxaloacetate i Reduces amount of oxaloacetate in mitochondria prevents buildup in a certain area and keeps the shuttle moving Glycerol 3 Phosphate Shuttle happens in liver and kidneys a Dihydroxyacetone phosphate reacts with NADH in the cytosol to form glycerol 3phosphate which diffuses into the inner membrane of the mitochondria b In the inner membrane FAD is reduced to FADH2 i 1 NADH 1 FADH2 c Only produces 30 molecules of ATP i 32 ATP 2FADH2 2 FADH2 2 ATP Brown Adipose Tissue a Makes heat from hydrogen gradient in electron transport chain b Contains higher number of mitochondria than white adipose tissue in order to release heat c Contains rich supply of blood carries fatty acids from other tissues into BAT where they are oxidized to produce heat
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