HNF 461 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I What are Macronutrients II ATP a Endothermic vs Exothermic Reactions III Regulating Energy Metabolism IV AMP a AMPK Outline of Current Lecture Glucose Metabolism Glycolysis I Glucose Transporters II Importance of Km Levels III Functions of Glucose in the Cells IV Glucose Phosphorylation V Enzymes Regulated to Control Glycolysis VI Pyruvate Dehydrogenase PDH VII ATP NADH Products of Glycolysis Current Lecture Glucose Metabolism Glycolysis 1 Glucose Transporters a Glut 1 3 basal uptake in many tissues very low Km b Glut 2 liver and pancreatic beta cells high Km c Glut 3 brain very low Km d Glut 4 muscle and adipose tissue regulated by insulin physiological K m i Glut 4 only transports when there is a high concentration of glucose in the blood high levels of insulin 2 Importance of Km Levels a High Km enzyme requires a high concentration of glucose in the blood to function at maximum velocity Can handle a high concentration of substrate b Low Km Enzyme can function at maximum velocity at normal glucose levels Can efficiently use glucose 3 Functions of Glucose in the Cells a Fuel for ATP synthesis b Glycogen Synthesis glycogenesis These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute 4 5 6 7 8 c Minor Uses synthesis of ribose NADPH and glucose for glycoprotein glycolipid synthesis d Substrate for fatty acid synthesis only in the liver and lowest priority Glucose Phosphorylation a First step in glycolysis b Requires ATP c Produces Glucose 6 Phosphate which is trapped in the cytoplasm d Uses hexo glucokinase hexo in muscles lower Km gluco in liver higher Km Process of Glycolysis a Glucose 6 phosphate Fructose 6 phosphate reversible b Fructose 6 phosphate Fructose 1 6 bisphosphate uses 1 ATP c Fructose 1 6 bisphosphate DHAP 1 3 bis phosphoglycerate produce 2 NADH PEP 2 Pyruvate produce 2 ATP i Pyruvate will be converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions uses 2 NADH Enzymes Regulated to Control Glycolysis a Hexokinases i An increase in glucose will promote the transport of glucokinase in the liver and pancreas b Phosphofruktokinase 1 i Converts fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1 6 bisphophate ii Inhibited by ATP activated by AMP iii Also regulated by fructose 2 6 bisphosphate c Pyruvate Kinase Pyruvate Dehydrogenase PDH a Bridges the processes of glycolysis and the TCA cycle ATP NADH Products of Glycolysis Glycolysis transforms glucose into pyruvate a Substrate Level Phosphorylation 2 ATP produced b Aerobic Glycolysis 2 NADH produced c Anaerobic Glycolysis 0 NADH produced because they are both used to make 2 lactate molecules
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