HNF 461 1st Edition Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I What are Macronutrients II ATP a Endothermic vs Exothermic Reactions III Regulating Energy Metabolism IV AMP a AMPK Current Lecture 1 What are Macronutrients a Carbohydrates Provide energy b Lipids Provide energy best energy source and build essential fatty acids c Protein Energy source and build amino acids main function 2 ATP Adenosine Triphosphate a Last 2 bonds between phosphate groups contain a high amount of energy when broken b Macronutrients are digested and catabolized release CO2 H2O and ATP in the process The ATP is then used for energy requiring processes in the body c Endothermic Reaction a compound goes from high to low energy releases ATP ex gluconeogenesis d Exothermic Reaction a compound goes from low to high energy requires ATP ex glycolysis e High energy molecules can react with ADP to create ATP phosphorylation 3 Regulating Energy Metabolism a The control of enzyme activity i Allosteric regulation covalent regulation enzyme will react with small molecule and will change the composition of the enzyme changing the enzyme activity Does not involve forming any new bonds ii Phosphorylation Dephosphorylation Add a phosphate group to the enzyme change the enzyme s activity Will form a new divalent bond b Change in the amount of enzymes i Control of gene expression Central Dogma DNA RNA Proteins 4 AMPK a AMP is a fuel sensing enzyme activated by a decrease in the cell s energy state increase in the AMP ATP ratio These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute b Activation of AMP Kinase stimulates processes that produce ATP and inhibit those that use ATP and not required for survival ex fatty acid synthesis c High levels of AMP promotes the phosphorylation of AMPK This phosphorylation actives the kinase this is an example of how the phosphorylation of an enzyme controls energy metabolism Then AMP will further activate the enzyme by allosterically activating AMPK i When AMPK is activated will stimulate catabolism to make more ATP and inhibits biosynthesis growth require ATP d Regulation of Food Intake Not very important for now because we haven t learned about leptin yet i When AMPK is active will stimulate the hypothalamus to increase food intake ii Leptin hormone produced in adipocytes produces signal in hypothalamus that inhibits AMPK and reduces food intake iii Leptin in skeletal muscle stimulates AMPK which increases glucose fatty acid oxidation
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