Student ID: ___________________CS457: Computer NetworkingDate: 3/20/2007Name: _______________________Instructions:1. Be sure that you have 9 questions2. Be sure your answers are legible. 3. Write your Student ID at the top of every page4. This is a closed book exam5. Answer each question clearly and to the point. Show all work and assumptions, but do not define or describe concepts unless asked to do so; assume that the graders are familiar with the concepts. Question Points Score1 102 103 104 155 106 107 158 109 10total 100Student ID: ___________________1. Answer the following True/False questions by circling either T or F.1. Transport layers can provide guarantees about bandwidth, reliability, and latencyT F2. FTP is a stateless protocol T F3. DNS is an application level protocol that runs over TCP T F4. HTTP's conditional GET prevents any messages from being sent over the Internet on a cache hitT F5. POP3 is a stateless protocol T F6. ICANN must authorize the creation of every new domain name. T F7. Transport protocols are used by every node on the Internet T F8. GBN does not buffer out of order packets, so a receive buffer is not needed T F9. Selective Repeat allows the sender and receiver windows to be unsynchronized T F10. OSPF runs over TCP T FStudent ID: ___________________2. Packet Switching and Circuit Switchinga. Describe the difference between a packet switched network and a circuit switched network, and indicate when it is more advantageous to use each.b. Calculate how long it takes to send a 1Mb file over a 1.5Mbps link with-- a circuit switched network that uses 24 different frequency slots and a 500msec connection establishment time-- a 10-hop packet switched network where each link is a 1.5Mbps link. Assume no congestion and no packet segmentation.c. Redo your calculations for the packet switched network above assuming your maximum segment size (MSS) is 1KB.Student ID: ___________________3. Socketsa. When one host sends a UDP packet to another host, what values will the receiving host use from the packet headers to direct the segment to the appropriate socket?b. When one host sends a TDP packet to another host, what values will the receiving host use from the packet headers to direct the segment to the appropriate socket?c. Can a client process open multiple TCP connections to the same server process? Why or why not?Student ID: ___________________4. Web cachesAssume that a local area network sees about 250 web requests per second, with an average object size of 10Kb. The 10Mbps LAN is connected to the Internet over a 3Mbps link. The average web server on the Internet takes 1.5 seconds to respond to a web request, and the router on the link to the Internet has an average 15 second queuing delay for incoming traffic due to its high utilization. a. Calculate the average latency for each web request.b. Calculate the average latency for each web request if the link to the Internet were upgraded to a 10Mbps link.c. Calculate the average latency for each web request if a web cache were added to the LAN and had a 40% hit rate.Student ID: ___________________5. Checksumsa. Fill in the checksum field in the header of this UDP packet:Source Port #: 1111111111111110Destination Port#: 0000000000000010Length: 0000000000001100Checksum: ??Data: 0000000000000010 0000000000010000b. When the receiving host receives this packet, how would it check the checksum? What value would it need to compute in order to assume that the packet has no bit errors?Student ID: ___________________6. Pipelininga. With no pipelining, what is the sender utilization (the percentage of time that the sender is busy sending) when using a 100Mbps link with a maximum segment size (MSS) of 2.5KB and a round trip time (RTT) of 10ms? b. What is the sender utilization when using a pipeline of 30 packets? 60 packets?c. Name 3 factors that would make you want to limit the size of the sender window when using the Go-back-N algorithm? When using the Selective Repeat algorithm?Student ID: ___________________7. TCP Congestion ControlAssume a host running TCP Reno (which came after TCP Tahoe) is connected to a link with maximum segment size (MSS) of 2.5KB. The host initializes CongWin to 1 segment and Threshold to 16 segments. The round trip time RTT on this link is 50ms. a. What is the value of CongWin after 300msecs?b. Assume a packet is sent at time=300msecs and is lost and a triple ACK occurs. What is the new value of CongWin? The value of threshold?c. Assume a packet is sent at time=300msecs, is lost, and a timeout occurs. What is the new value of CongWin? The value of threshold?d. Why might it be easier to perform congestion control on a virtual circuit network such as ATM than a packet switched network?Student ID: ___________________8. SwitchingA router needs to get packets from the input port buffers to the output port buffers through a switching fabric.a. Why is it faster to use a bus to interconnect the input buffers with output buffers instead of connecting them through a central memory store? Assuming the memory store is connected to the same type of bus, how much faster is it?b. Assume you have N input ports and N output ports connected by a bus that can transfer a packet in 1/Nth the time it takes to transfer a packet on the input/output links. Will your input buffers ever overflow? Your output buffers? Why or why not?c. Assume you have N input ports and N output ports connected by a bus that can transfer a packet in the same time it takes to transfer a packet on the input/output links, but it can transfer N packets simultaneously. Will your input buffers ever overflow? Your output buffers? Why or why not?Student ID: ___________________9. Inter-AS routinga. Why do we have different routing algorithms for inter-AS and intra-AS routing?b. When BGP sends a routing advertisement, it appends an AS-PATH, which contains all of the ASs through which this advertisement has passed. Name two ways the AS-PATH is