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Berkeley COMPSCI 182 - The Neural Basis of Thought and Language

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The Neural Basis of Thought and LanguageScheduleAnnouncementQuizGoing from motor control to abstract reasoningThe Commercial-Transaction schemaSlide 8MetaphorsPrimary MetaphorsAffection is WarmthImportant is BigHow are these metaphors developed?Slide 14Slide 15The Dual Metaphors for TimeA different experiment by Boroditsky & Ramscar, 2002Results of the experimentSlide 21Event Structure MetaphorThe Dual of the ESMExamples of the DualSlide 25Simulation-based UnderstandingSemantic AnalysisWhat exactly is simulation?Bayes Nets: Take away pointsReview: ProbabilityPriors/Unconditional ProbabilityConditional ProbabilityInferenceBayes NetsIndependenceMarkov BlanketReference: JointsReference: Joint, cont.Slide 40Reference: InferenceReference: Inference, cont.Approximation MethodsStochastic SimulationSlide 45Dynamic Bayes NetsThe Neural Basis ofThe Neural Basis ofThought and LanguageThought and LanguageWeek 11Week 11Metaphor and Bayes NetsMetaphor and Bayes NetsSchedule•Assignment 7 extension, due Wednesday night•Last Week–Aspect and Tense–Event Structure Metaphor•This Week–Frames & how it maps to X-schemas–Inference, KARMA: Knowledge-based Action Representations for Metaphor and Aspect•Next Week–GrammarAnnouncement•Panel: "Cruise Control": Careers in Artificial Intelligence.•Friday, April 16th from 3-4:30 in Bechtel Hall 120A/B.•The panel is an informal session, where professionals in the field of AI will answer general questions about their entry into the field, trends, etc.•Panelists will be:–Peter Norvig from Google–Charlie Ortiz of Teambotics at SRI–Nancy Chang from ICSI.•Moderator will be:–Barbara Hightower, CS advisor.Quiz1. What are metaphors? Give two examples of Primary Metaphors and sentences using them.2. What are Event Structure Metaphors? Give an example.3. How do Bayes Nets fit into the simulation story? What are the benefits of that model?4. What are Dynamic Bayesian Networks?Going from motor control to abstract reasoning•The sensory-motor system is directly engaged in abstract reasoning•Both the physical domain and abstract domain are structured by schemas and frames, i.e. there are –semantic roles, and –relation between semantic roles•schemas generally refer to embodied, “universal” knowledge, whereas frames are generally culturally specificThe Commercial-Transaction schemaschema Commercial-Transactionsubcase of Exchangerolescustomer participant1vendor participant2money entity1 : Moneygoods  entity2goods-transfer transfer1 money-transfer transfer2Quiz1. What are metaphors? Give two examples of Primary Metaphors and sentences using them.2. What are Event Structure Metaphors? Give an example.3. How do Bayes Nets fit into the simulation story? What are the benefits of that model?4. What are Dynamic Bayesian Networks?Metaphors•metaphors are mappings from a source domain to a target domain•metaphor maps specify the correlation between source domain entities / relation and target domain entities / relation•they also allow inference to transfer from source domain to target domain (possibly, but less frequently, vice versa)<TARGET> is <SOURCE>Primary Metaphors•The key thing to remember about primary metaphors is that they have an experiential basis•Affection Is Warmth•Important is Big•Happy is Up•Intimacy is Closeness•Bad is Stinky•Difficulties are Burdens•More is Up•Categories are Containers•Similarity is Closeness•Linear Scales are Paths•Organization is Physical Structure•Help is Support•Time Is Motion •Relationships are Enclosures•Control is Up•Knowing is Seeing•Understanding is Grasping•Seeing is TouchingAffection is Warmth•Subjective Judgment: Affection•Sensory-Motor Domain: Temperature•Example: They greeted me warmly.•Primary Experience: Feeling warm while being held affectionately. •more examples:–She gave me a cold shoulder–Now that I've known such-and-such for a while, he's finally warming up to me.Important is Big•Subjective Judgment: Importance•Sensory-Motor Domain: Size•Example: Tomorrow is a big day.•Primary experience: As a child, important things in your environment are often big, e.g., parents, but also large things that exert a force on you•more examples:–Don't sweat the small stuff.–I'll have a meeting with the big boss today.How are these metaphors developed?•Conflation Hypothesis:Children hypothesize an early meaning for a source domain word that conflates meanings in both the literal and metaphorical senses –experiencing warmth and affection when being held as a child–observing a higher water level when there's more water in a cupThe Dual Metaphors for Time•Time is stationary and we move through it–It takes a long time to write a book–We are behind scheduleschedules are landmarks on this landscape that we have to be at by a certain time•Time is a moving object–The deadline is approaching–He is forever chasing his pastthe past is an object that has come by and moved past himA different experiment by Boroditsky & Ramscar, 2002 •“Next Wednesday's meeting has been moved forward two days. What day is the meeting now that it has been rescheduled?”•Is the meeting Monday? or Friday?Results of the experiment•two spatial primes: A. participant sitting in an office chair moving through space. (ego-moving prime)B. participant pulling an office chair towards himself with a rope. (time-moving prime)•results:A. more likely to say FridayB. more likely to say MondayQuiz1. What are metaphors? Give two examples of Primary Metaphors and sentences using them.2. What are Event Structure Metaphors? Give an example.3. How do Bayes Nets fit into the simulation story? What are the benefits of that model?4. What are Dynamic Bayesian Networks?Event Structure Metaphor•Target Domain: event structure•Source Domain: physical space•States are Locations •Changes are Movements •Causes are Forces •Causation is Forced Movement •Actions are Self-propelled Movements •Purposes are Destinations •Means are Paths •Difficulties are Impediments to Motion •External Events are Large, Moving Objects •Long-term Purposeful Activities are JourneysThe Dual of the ESM•Attributes are possessions•Changes are Movements of Possessions (acquisitions or losses)•Causes are forces•Causation is Transfer of Possessions (giving or taking)•Purposes are Desired


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Berkeley COMPSCI 182 - The Neural Basis of Thought and Language

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