UCCS CS 622 - AN EFFICIENT AND CACHE-FRIENDLY TRANSFER PROTOCOL FOR THE WEB

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tocDHTTP: An Efficient and Cache-Friendly Transfer Protocol for theMichael Rabinovich and Hua WangI. I NTRODUCTIONII. R ELATED W ORKIII. DHTTP P ROTOCOLFig.€1. Message exchange for a Web interaction. (a) Current HTTPFig.€2. DHTTP message formats. (a) Request. (b) Response.A. Reliability and Nonidempotent RequestsB. Congestion ControlC. Choosing a ChannelFig.€3. Problematic deployment of interception cache.IV. I MPLICATIONS OF DHTTPA. DHTTP and Interception CachesB. Addressing Limitations of HTTP Over TCPC. Firewalls and SecurityFig.€4. Induced TCP SYN attack.D. Network Address TranslationE. Incremental DeploymentFig.€5. DHTTP server architecture.V. S ERVER D ESIGNVI. P ERFORMANCE A NALYSISA. SimulationFig.€6. Number of TCP connections at a server with three connectFig.€7. Connection utilization with three connections per clientFig.€8. Number of TCP connections at a server with one connectioFig.€9. Connection utilization with one connection per client.B. Prototype TestingFig.€10. Apache performance (bottleneck at the server). (a) Thro1) Bottleneck at the Server: To test the servers for peak perforFig.€11. DHTTP server performance (bottleneck at the server). (aFig.€12. Comparison of Apache and DHHTP servers. (a) Throughput.2) Bottleneck in the Network: To test the behavior of DHTTP undeFig.€13. Apache and DHTTP server performance under network congeTABLE€I E FFECTIVENESS OF C ONGESTION D ETECTION IN the DHTTP S 3) DHTTP Versus T/TCP: Probably the most closely related existinFig.€14. Throughput of the DHTTP server using TCP and the ApacheVII. F UTURE W ORKVIII. C ONCLUSIONG. Abdulla, Analysis and modeling of World Wide Web traffic, Ph.K. C. Almeroth, M. H. Ammar, and Z. Fei, Scalable delivery of weApache Server Project . [Online] . Available: http://www.apache.M. Arlitt, R. Friedrich, and T. Jin, Workload Characterization oP. Barford, A. Bestavros, A. Bradley, and M. Crovella, Changes iP. Barford and M. Crovella, Generating representative web workloL. Bent, M. Rabinovich, G. Voelker, and Z. Xiao, CharacterizatioR. Braden, Extending TCP for Transactions Concepts, RFC-1379, NoB. Brown, U-HTTP: A High-Performance UDP-Based HTTP, Master's thCheck Point Firewall-1 . Check Point Software Technologies. [OnlI. Cidon, R. Rom, A. Gupta, and C. Schuba, Hybrid TCP-UDP transpE. Cohen, H. Kaplan, and J. D. Oldham, Managing TCP connections DHTTP . [Online] . Available: http://www.research.att.com/~mishaA. Feldmann, R. Cáceres, F. Douglis, G. Glass, and M. RabinovichA. Feldmann, J. Rexford, and R. Cáceres, Efficient policies for RFC 2616: Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTTP/1.1, R. Fielding, J. J. Heidemann, K. Obraczka, and J. Touch, Modeling the performanc(1998, Mar.) Short- and Long-Term Goals for the http-ng Project C. A. Kent and J. C. Mogul, Fragmentation considered harmful, inB. Krishnamurthy and M. Arlitt, PRO-COW: protocol compliance on V. Kumar, M. Korpi, and S. Sengodan, IP Telephony With H.323: ArB. Mah, An empirical model of HTTP network traffic, in Proc. INFD. M. Martin, S. Rajagopalan, and A. D. Rubin, Blocking java appA. J. Menezes, P. V. Oorschot, and S. A. Vanstone, Handbook of AR. M. Metcalfe and D. R. Boggs, Ethernet: distributed packet swiJ. Mogul and S. Deering . (1990) Path MTU Discovery . RFC 1191. H. F. Nielsen, J. Gettys, A. Baird-Smith, E. Prud'hommeaux, H. WV. N. Padmanabhan and R. H. Katz, Tcp fast start: a technique foV. N. Padmanabhan and J. C. Mogul, Improving http latency, CompuM. Rabinovich and O. Spatscheck, Web Caching and Replication . RP. Rodriguez, S. Sibal, and O. Spatscheck, TPOT: translucent proJ. H. Saltzer, D. P. Reed, and D. D. Clark, End-to-end argumentsRFC 2326: Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), H. Schulzrinne, AM. Spreitzer and W. Janssen, HTTP Next Generation, in Proc. 9th P. Srisuresh and M. Holdrege, IP Network Address Translator (NATR. W. Stevens, TCP/IP Illustrated . Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,THTTPD Tiny/Turbo/Throttling HTTP Server . [Online] . Available:J. Touch, TCP control block interdependence, Network Working GroA. Wolman, G. Voelker, N. Sharma, N. Cardwell, M. Brown, T. LandZeus Web Server . [Online] . Available: http://www.zeus.co.uk/prIEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, VOL. 12, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2004 1007DHTTP: An Efficient and Cache-Friendly TransferProtocol for the WebMichael Rabinovich and Hua WangAbstract—Today’s HTTP carries Web interactions over client-initiated TCP connections. An important implication of usingthis transport method is that interception caches in the networkviolate the end-to-end principle of the Internet, which severelylimits deployment options of these caches. Furthermore, while anincreasing number of Web interactions are short, and in fact fre-quently carry only control information and no data, TCP is ofteninefficient for short interactions We propose a new transfer pro-tocol for the Web, called Dual-Transport HTTP (DHTTP), whichsplits the traffic between UDP and TCP channels. When choosingthe TCP channel, it is the server who opens the connection back tothe client. Through server-initiated connections, DHTTP upholdsthe Internet end-to-end principle in the presence of interceptioncaches, thereby allowing unrestricted caching within backbones.Moreover, the comparative performance study of DHTTP andHTTP using trace-driven simulation as well as testing real HTTPand DHTTP servers showed a significant performance advantageof DHTTP when the bottleneck is at the server and comparableperformance when the bottleneck is in the network.Index Terms—HTTP protocol, Interception caching, Internet,Web performance.I. INTRODUCTIONTHIS paper addresses two important issues in the currentHTTP protocol: the violation of the end-to-end principleof the Internet by interception caches and performance implica-tions of using client-initiated TCP as the transport protocol.Interception caches [31] intercept client requests on their pathto origin servers and respond to clients on servers’ behalf. Inter-ception caching is attractive to Internet Service Providers (ISPs)because it occurs transparently to clients and thus relieves ISPsof the administrative burden of configuring client browsers; infact, ISPs often do not even know or have control over the end-users, as their immediate clients may actually be other ISPs orcorporate networks. On the other hand, interception caches useservers’ IP addresses when responding to clients, thereby im-personating the origin servers and violating theend-to-end


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UCCS CS 622 - AN EFFICIENT AND CACHE-FRIENDLY TRANSFER PROTOCOL FOR THE WEB

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