USA EE 334 - EE 334 Analog and Digital Electronics

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1Lecture #1EE 334Analog and Digital ElectronicsLecture #1Electronics:The Physics of Electrons and their utilizationElectronic Device:A component that utilizessome form of energy suchas voltage or light to controlthe flow of electronic current.Electronic Device:A component that utilizessome form of energy suchas voltage or light to controlthe flow of electronic current.Lecture #1Just as the electronic field has a great impact on humanity, the electrical engineerhas a great impact on the electronic field. The engineer is involved in the invention,design and development of electronic devices and systems.Lecture #1Table 1.1 - The Worldwide Electronics Market ($1 Trillion) in 2000 CategoryShare (%)Data processing hardware 23Data processing software & services 18Professional electronics 10Telecommunications 9Consumer electronics 9Active components 9Passive components 7Computer integrated manufacturing 5Instrumentation 5Office electronics 3Medical electronics 22Lecture #1 Lecture #1The process of amplification was very important to the electrical industry. After the Demonstration of the triode amplifier by de Forest in 1912, AT&T secured the rightsTo triode from the inventor for rather then large some of $50,000, which used as a Radio amplifier, a telephone amplifier, and audio wireless transmission system.Lecture #1In April 1921, the first long distance message was received by an operator of theMarconi radio station in New York. The message stated “ S.S Titanic ran intoIceberg….sinking fast” The Titanic sank with a resulting loss of 1517 lives. Mainlyas a result of the wireless message, rescuers saved 750 lives.Congress then passed an act requiring all ships with 50 or more passengersTo include wireless system on board.The wreckage of Titanic was discoveredat the bottom of the Atlantic in 1985 by a remote controlled underwater vehicle thattransmit video images back to the surface.Lecture #1The transistor was invented in1957 by Bardeen, Brattain, andShockley, all of Bell telephone labs.The transistor has changed the face of society leading into space travel, worldwidesatellite communication, computers, guided missiles, and many other significant Accomplishments. This device may prove to be the most significant technical Development in the history of mankind.3Lecture #1 Lecture #1The first electronic digital computer was developed in the USA was the ENIAC.The ENIAC was containing over 18,000 vacuum tubes. Weighing 30 tones, andOccupying a 30 x 50 foot room. This 60,000 pound computer consumed 150 kilowattsIn contrast to today’s few pound lap top computer consumes a few Watts of power.Lecture #1Moore’s Law in Microprocessors40048008808080858086286386486Pentium® procP60.0010.010.111010010001970 1980 1990 2000 2010YearTransistors (MT)2X growth in 1.96 years!Transistors on lead microprocessors double every 2 yearsTransistors on lead microprocessors double every 2 yearsCourtesy, IntelLecture #14Lecture #1Memory Density TrendsLecture #1Table 1.3 - Levels of IntegrationDate Historical Reference Components/chip1950 Discrete components 1-21960 SSI - Small-scale Integration < 1021966 MSI - Medium-scale integration 102-1031969 LSI - Large-scale integration 103-1041975 VLSI - Very-large-scale integration 104-1091990 ULSI - Ultra-large-scale integration > 109Lecture #1tv(t) or i(t)Figure 1.6 - An analog signalLecture #1AmplitudetHigh LevelLow Level"1""0"Figure 1.5 - A time varying binary digital signal5Lecture #1Table 1.3 - Frequencies Associated with Common SignalsCategory Frequency RangeAudible sounds 20 Hz - 20 kHzBaseband video (TV) signal 0 - 4.5 MHzAM radio broadcasting 540 - 1600 kHzHigh frequency radio communications 1.6 - 54 MHzVHF television (Channels 2-6) 54 - 88 MHzFM radio broadcasting 88 - 108 MHzVHF television (Channels 7-13) 174 - 216 MHzUHF television (channels 14 - 69) 470 - 806 MHzCellular telephones 824 - 892 MHzSatellite television 3.7 - 4.2 GHzLecture #1Basic concepts &conductorsLecture #1 Lecture #16Lecture #1Basic concept & semiconductorsLecture #1Electrical Classification of Solid MaterialsMaterialsResistivity (Ω-cm)Insulators 105< ρ <  Semiconductors 10-3< ρ < 105Conductors ρ < 10-3Lecture #1• Materials can be categorized into conductors, semiconductors or insulators by their ability to conduct electricityLecture #1IIIA IVA VA VIA 10.81 15BBo ro n12.011156CCarbon14.00677NNitrogen15.99948OOxygenIIB26.981513AlAluminum28.08614SiSi l i c o n30.973815PPhosphorus32.06416SSu l f u r65.3730ZnZi n c69.7231GaGa llium72.5932GeGermanium74.92233AsArsenic78.9634SeSe l e n i u m112.4048CdCadmium114.8249InInd ium118.6950SnTi n121.7551SbAntimony127.6052TeTellurium200.5980HgMercury204.3781TiTh a l l i u m207.1982PbLead208.98083BiBi sm u t h(210)84PoPo l o n i um-Portion of the Periodic Table Includingthe MostImportantSemiconductorElements7Lecture #1Semiconductor MaterialsSemiconductorBandgap Energy EG(eV)Carbon (Diamond) 5.47Silicon 1.12 Germanium 0.66Tin 0.082Gallium Arsenide 1.42Indium Phosphide 1.35Boron Nitride 7.50Silicon Carbide 3.00Cadmium Selenide 1.70Lecture #1Lecture #1 Lecture #1•An extrinsic semiconductorconsists can be formed from an intrinsic semiconductor by added impurity atoms to the crystal in a process known as doping.To take the most simple example, consider Silicon. Since Silicon belongs to group IV of the periodic table, it has for valence electrons. In the crystal form, each atom share an electron with a neighbouringatom. In this state it is an intrinsic semiconductor. B, Al, In, Ga all have three electrons in the valence band. When a small proportion of these atoms, (less than 1 in 106), is incorporated into the crystal the dopant atom has an insufficient number of bonds to share bonds with the surrounding Silicon atoms. One of the Silicon atoms has a vacancy for an electron. It creates an a hole that contributes to the conduction process at all temperatures. Dopents that create holes in this manner are known as acceptors. This type of extrinsic semiconductor is known as p-typeas it create positive charge carriers. Elements that belong to group V of the periodic table such as As, P, Sb have an extra electron in the valence band. When added as a dopant to intrinsic Silicon, the dopant atom contributes an additional electron to the crystal. Dopants that add electrons to the crystal are known as donorsand the semiconductor material is said to be n-type. intrinsicp-typen-type8Lecture #1P is called donor impurity, because it donate


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