7.014 EXAM #2: KEY CONCEPTS Spring 2007 (04/04/07) Jadyn Damon This list of concepts was culled from lecture notes and is intended as a general guide to topics covered with which you should be familiar, but IS NOT ALL INCLUSIVE OF WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW FOR THE EXAM, SO DO NOT LIMIT YOUR STUDYING!!! Lecture #12 -Cell division requires a reliable mechanism of replication of genetic information (DNA) -Polarity in DNA- structure of bases, direction of strand synthesis (5’ 3’) -Complementarity -Replication mechanism -enzymes (DNA polymerase, primase, ligase) -required elements (primer, template, dNTPs) -leading/ lagging strand/ replication fork -semiconservative replication -Fidelity in replication -shape of bases -proof- reading (3’ 5’ and 5’ 3” exonuclease) -mismatch repair -Origin of replication- prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes Lecture #13 -CENTRAL DOGMA (information flow DNA RNA Protein) -Nucleic acid code -codon (3 bases) -nonoverlapping -redundant -DNA vs. RNA -structure, function, similarities, differences -Nucleic acid (bases) to protein (amino acids) -adaptor/ translator -tRNA (structure, function) -Experiments elucidating processes -Nirenberg -Khorana -Information encoded by DNA -information coding for proteins (universal code) -structural RNAs (tRNA, mRNA) -origin of replication (not universal) -regulatory elements (not universal) Lecture #14 -Transcription (DNA RNA)-promoter/ terminator -RNA polymerase -5’ 3’ synthesis -Translation (RNA protein/ amino acid) -requirements (mRNA, tRNA, ribosome- rRNA) -start/ stop codons -ribosome structure/ mechanism of action -Special cases -ssRNA can be genetic information (viruses- RNA dependent RNA polymerase) -Retroviruses can reverse flow of genetic information (HIV synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcriptase) -RNA splicing -RNA as an enzyme Lecture #15 -Regulation of gene expression -regulation of transcription -regulation at level of mRNA -reversible/ irreversible regulation -negative regulation -positive regulation -Promoters -concept of consensus sequences - -35 and -10 regions, coding/ noncoding regions of mRNA -Lac operon -Betagalactosidase/ colorimetric assay -structure of lac operon (promoter, operator, lacZ, lacy, lacA, terminator) -regulation via lacI and lac repressor protein -responsiveness to presence/ absence of lactose in environment Lecture #16/ 17 -CRP/ cAMP regulation (responsiveness to glucose levels- global regulation) -Bacterial genetics terminology -mutant -mutation -wild-type -phenotype -conditional mutation -genotype -gene -allele -auxotroph -haploid -diploid -Bacterial growth/ manipulation -Biosynthetic pathway analysis-determining order of intermediates/ enzymes/ epistasis -Bacteriophage (tool to study genetics) -plaques -Complementation -complementation groups -determining minimum number of genes/ functions involved in a process -Recombination (don’t worry too much about this right now…) Lecture #18 -Terminology: Biomass, GPP, NPP, MRT, FT -Food webs -trophic levels -exploitation efficiency, assimilation efficiency, production efficiency, ecologicalefficiency -trophic transfer efficiency -diagrams of food webs -Calculations of values -How values are different in various ecosystems and are influenced by various factors (type of primary producer/ consumer, environmental factors, properties of organisms, etc…) Lecture #19 -Biomass/ Energy pyramids (energy/ C flow) -Human appropriation of photosynthesis -Terrestrial/ marine primary production -Limiting nutrients/ factors -what happens to an ecosystem when limitations are removed? -Availability of nutrients -lakes (seasonal overturns) -oceans (episodic mixing, coastal upwelling, equatorial upwelling, oceanic conveyer belt) Lecture #20 -Fluxes/ flows (driven by solar/ geothermal E) -Geologic cycle -Water cycle -Phosphorus cycle -Nitrogen cycle -Carbon cycle -Coupling of cycles -Human influence on cycles -Timescales of cycles -Biotic/ abiotic factors that influence
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