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UT Knoxville BCMB 230 - Metabolic Pathways: Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
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BCMB 230 1st Edition Lecture 5 Outline of Last Lecture I.Protein Binding SitesII.Transcription and TranslationIII.Posttranslational ModificationIV.Enzymes and Chemical ReactionsOutline of Current Lecture I.EnergyII.Cellular RespirationIII.Anaerobic RespirationIV.Protein and Amino Acid MetabolismV.Fat MetabolismCurrent LectureMetabolic Pathways: Glycolysis and Krebs CycleI. EnergyAdenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- nucleotide that transfers energy from metabolism to cell function during its breakdown to adenosine diphosphosphate (ADP)-has a lot of high energy bonds in it-for lots of processes, this is the preferred source of chemical energy for cells-energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP is used by the cells for the production of forceand movement (muscle contraction), active transport of molecules across membranes, and the synthesis of the organic molecules used in cell structures and functions-make it in our bodies primarily from glucose; move energy around body in the form of glucose; when it gets to the cell, have to change it to ATP-the more mitochondria a cell has, the more ATP is needs/produces-proteins and fats can also be used to make ATP-can use glucose to make proteins and fat or can use proteins to make glucoseII. Cellular RespirationOverall reaction of Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + 38ATPThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-does not go both ways and is not one reaction, it is a summary reaction (actual process occurs in a series of reactions)-amount of ATP is typically 38, but depends on which cell in the body we are talking about-cellular respiration is lumped into three main sets of reactions: glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation (also called electron transport)-cellular respiration occurs in the cells to make ATPGlycolysis Gycolytic pathway-pathway that partially catabolizes carbohydrates, primarily glucose-takes place in the cytoplasm-starts with 6 carbon (C) glucose-use 2 ATP to make molecules then split the molecules (the 6C structure) into two 3C structures called pyruvate-get 4 ATP back (with a net gain of 2)-also get 2 NADH molecules (made from NAD) which allows you to transfer energy (like ATP); mainly going to use it as an energy carrier in oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP-at the end of glycolysis, you have: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, and 2 NADH molecules-start to get ATP back (get 4 ATP back, but have a net gain of 2 ATP during glycolysis)Linking StepTransition into Krebs Cycle-takes place in cytosol-make 2 acetyl Co A (coenzyme A) from pyruvate-break off 2 carbon-makes 2 carbon dioxides-capture energy from breaking bonds in 2 NADHKrebs Cycle-takes place in the mitochondria-take acetyl coA and make 4 carbon intermediate, and then make 6 carbon intermediate, then make 5 carbon intermediate, then make 4 carbon intermediate, then make 6 carbon intermediate, etc. (is a cycle)-going to completely destroy coA (make two carbons off each), forms 4 carbon dioxides, 6 NADH, and 2FADH2-make ATP directly from Krebs Cycles (2 ATP)-take NADH (10 NADH so far) and FADH2 (2 so far) into Oxidative PhosphorylationOxidative Phosphorylation-have to have oxygen (6 O2), 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2-as a result get 34 ATP-also get 2 FAD and 10 NAD which we recycle back to glycolysis and the Krebs cycleIII. Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic-without oxygen*if oxygen is absent, then oxidative phosphorylation stops, no longer yielding NAD which then stops glycolysis—therefore no ATP is made (and no cellular processes can occur)*Some cells can change pyruvate into lactate (in the cytosol) instead of continuing into the Krebs cycle-lactate is a dead-end; if it builds up in the cell it can poison it which causes it to not perform efficiently or to even shut down; only way to get rid of lactate it is to have oxygenProcess:-use some of the NADH to produce NAD-can then use NAD to run second half of glycolysis to make ATP (2 ATP)-however, pyruvate is used up so can’t go to Krebs cycle*We have to have aerobic respiration (glycolysis), but anaerobic respiration allows us to make our muscles work a little longer to get us out of a dangerous situation (only lasts for a couple of minutes)*-aerobic cellular respiration is required for cells to stay alive-anaerobic cellular respiration is primarily for muscle cells-short term response associated with “fight or flight” reflexIV. Protein and Amino Acid MetabolismDeamination-using protein for energy; take amino acid and cut the amino group off, leaving a keto acid (amino acid without an amino group) and ammonia (NH3)-Ammonia is highly toxic so it is changed to urea in the liver; urea is toxic, but notas toxic as ammonia so we can tolerate this toxicity more-keto acid then is matched with pyruvate or goes into the Krebs cycle-determined where it goes by the shape-everything is controlled by enzymes-whichever enzyme present matches with the keto acid and determines which stage of the cycle it will go to-can also take amino acid, leads to keto acid, and then run glycolysis backwards to make glucose (process called gluconeogenesis) where amino acid turns into glucose-amino acid can also be deaminated and used to make ATP-amino acid has to go to pyruvate in order to perform gluconeogenesis; if it goes to Krebs cycle, it cannot be reversed to acetyl coAAmino acid metabolism-don’t usually lose proteins/amino acids through urine or feces; recycle but don’t get rid ofOxidative Transamination of Amino AcidsTransamination-creates amino acids that are in short supply-have an amino acid and keto acid; keto acid steals the amino group off the amino acid-Can do this to make a protein; as a byproduct, there is a keto acid to replace the one taken out of cellular respirationEssential amino acids- all amino acids are needed, but “essential” amino acids have to be in the food we eat because they cannot be synthesized by the body-nonessential amino acids can be synthesized-other organisms have the gene to synthesize amino acids, but humans don’tV. Fat MetabolismFats can form into glycerol (a 3C molecule) that can be used somewhere in glycolysis (can be reversed from glycerol to glycolysis or glycolysis to glycerol)In order to react in cellular respiration, the long carbon chain in fatty acids have to be cut into chunks that will be recognized by acetyl coA


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UT Knoxville BCMB 230 - Metabolic Pathways: Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle

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