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UCLA HNRS 70A - HC70A_W09_1-20-09_Lecture3

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HC70A & SAS70A Winter 2009 Genetic Engineering in Medicine, Agriculture, and Law Professors Bob Goldberg & John Harada Lecture 3 What Are Genes & How Do They Work: Part Two Course AdministratorpTHEMES 1. What is the Function of a Gene-Review? 2. How Are Genes Regulated - Switched On & Off? 3. How Does DNA Replication Occur? 4. What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and How is PCR used? 5. How Do Mutations Occur? 6. How Can Pedigrees Be Used To Follow the Inheritance of Mutant Genes? 7. How Do Mutations Change Phenotypes? 8. What is the Colinearity Between Genes & Proteins (how does DNA→protein)? 9. What Is the Genetic Code? 10. How Do Gene Expression Processes Differ in Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes? 11. How Can Splicing Cause One Gene To Specify Several Different Proteins? 12. Yo!-Itʼs in the DNA Sequences- What Are the Implications For Genetic Engineering?1. What Are the Functions of Genes? 2. What Is Gene & Genetic Diversity 3. What is the Evidence For DNA Being the Genetic Material a) Griffith & Avery et al. Experiments b) Modern Genetic Engineering Experiments 4. Structure of DNA 5. Genes & Chromosomes in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes 6. What is the Anatomy of a Simple Gene? Last Tuesdayʼs Lecture: What Are Genes & How Do They Function - Part OneA Conceptualized Gene Sense Strand Transcribed Strand Beginning EndGene X Beginning End T A T A A T A G C T C G A A C A T T T T TRANSCRIBED STRAND SENSE STRAND 5ʼ END 3ʼ END A T A T T A T C G A G C T T G T A A A A Genetic Code (Function) START “SWITCH” OR PROMOTER TERMINATION “SWITCH” Downstream Next Gene Upstream Next Gene 5ʼ END 3ʼ END A G C U C G A A C P OH mRNA X START TRANSCRIPTION END TRANSCRIPTION CONTROLS When & Where a gene becomes active? UNIQUE CELLS ! COMPLEMENTARY TO TRANSCRIBED STRAND =TEMPLATE FOR RNA A Gene is a Specific DNA Sequence That Directs the Expression of a Unique Trait Note: mRNA Sequence = Sense Strand SequenceA “Simple” Gene Reviewed Genes Function As Independent Units - Design Experiment to Show! “Everything” Follows the Double Helix & Its Rules - Anti-parallel Chains & Complementary Base Pairing! 1. Sense Strand = Genetic Code 2. Sense Strand = 5ʼ! 3ʼ Direction (all DNA sequences specified 5ʼ! 3ʼ) 3. AntiSense Strand = Complement of Sense Strand & is Transcribed Strand 4. mRNA = Same Sequence As Sense Strand & Complementary to AntiSense Strand 5. mRNA = 5ʼ! 3ʼ 6. Switch Turns Gene On - Not Transcribed But Upstream of Coding RegionA Chromosome Contains Many Genes That Work As Individual Units Position of Genes 1, 2, & 3 in chromosome Discrete Units! VERY IMPORTANT CONCEPT! COLINEARITY BETWEEN GENE SEQUENCE AND PROTEIN SEQUENCE Notice- Each gene, mRNA, & protein has a unique order/sequence of monomeric units Central Dogma ∴ Genes -> Functions in Cells via Proteins Cells duplicate & stay the same -> DNA replication 5ʼ 3ʼ Coding Template 3ʼ 5ʼ What delineates each gene? Notice sequence of each gene 5ʼ 3ʼ 5ʼ 5ʼ 3ʼ 3ʼ 5ʼ 3ʼ Function 3 Function 2 Function 1 N C C C N N Note sequence of each protein Evidence?Control Switches Are Unique DNA Sequences & Can Be Cloned AND used to Re-Engineer Organisms!! Switches Act Independently of Gene!! “Control” Switch “On” SwitchSwitches Control Where & When A Gene Is Active → Unique Functions → Unique Cells Insulin Gene1. They Can Be Cloned & “Shuffled” & Engineered Creating New Genes That Have No Counterparts in Nature. c Genetic Engineering 2. These New Genes Can Be Transcribed in New Cell Types (Switch Change) &/or Organisms &/or Both. (e.g., Human Genes in Plant Leaves) ò Human Genes Ë Plant Leaf Switch 3. All Genes are Regulated & Controlled by Switches. Genome Projects Reveal Both The Genes & The Switches & Wiring Together of All Switches in Gene. c Program of Life From Birth to Death THE GENE AND SWITCHES ARE UNIQUE DNA SEQUENCES Yo! Itʼs in the Sequences!!The Eye Gene Can Be Expressed in Different Parts of the Fly by Engineering the Eye Switch Eye Gene + Leg Switch Replace the Head Switch With the Leg Switch by Genetic Engineering Eye GeneEye Protein Eye Regulatory Network Control Genes Like The Eye Gene Control The Activity of Other Genes! Eye Switch Eye Gene 5ʼ 3ʼ Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 Gene 4 Protein 1 Protein 2 Protein 3 Protein 4 Works in Head! Eye Protein Binds to Switches to Turn Genes On! Eye on Head! Leg Switch Eye Gene Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 Gene 4 Protein 1 Protein 2 Protein 3 Protein 4 Normally Eye Gene is OFF in Leg. Switch only Works in Leg. Eye on Leg! Eye Protein100 Years Into The Future What Does the Future Hold? We Will Know at the DNA Level What Biological Information Programs Life to Death! What Does This Mean For The Future of Humanity? Remember - Mendelʼs Law Were Only Rediscovered 100 Years Ago & Look What We Can Do & Now! 1. If the Entire Human Genome is Sequenced? 2. If the Function/Protein of All Genes Are Known? 3. If All the Switches Are Identified & How They Go On & Off From Birth to Death? 4. If We Understand How Genes Are Choreographed & All the Sequences That Program themHow Do Genes Work-A Review " Replication 2 Gene Activity to Function & Phenotype Gene Activity Protein Function Phenotype (Trait) A Gene is NOT Expressed Unless A Functional Protein Produced! Function ¢ TraitHow Are Genes Replicated Each Cell Generation? How is The DNA Sequence Copied/Replicated Each Cell Division? Pass on Genes to Next Generation Precisely? BASIC OF LIFE! One “A” Cell Two “A” Cells A Genome A Genome ReplicatedGenes Are Replicated During Each Cell Division A Bacterial Colony Contains Many Copies of Same Cell, or Clones, Which are Genetically Identical! Each Daughter Cell Contains The Same Collection of Genes Major Properties of Genetic Material Replication & Stability Clones -106 cells per colony ~50 colonies per dish A “Clone” Note - Each Clone of Bacteria Contains Clones of Cells Chromosome DNA Replication Cell Cytoplasm Division Clones!The Sequence of Each DNA Strand Must Be Maintained Division After Division How Does This Occur? Property of The DNA Molecule Note SEQUENCE & POLARITYDNA Replication Occurs Semi-Conservatively 1. DNA Structure Allows DNA Sequence to Be Maintained by Complementary Base Pairing 2.


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UCLA HNRS 70A - HC70A_W09_1-20-09_Lecture3

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