Frequency TablesHistogramsBoxplotsDescriptive StatisticsHomework 1 tutorialObjectives: After completing this tutorial you will have a basic familiarity with SPSS andwill be prepared to complete homework 1. This familiarity will include skills related to: opening and creating files, inputting data, frequency tables with raw scores and intervals, histograms, box-and-whisker plots, stem-and-leaf plots, and descriptive statistics.Getting startedSPSS is present on all College of Education TEC center computers. Before starting you will need to have a user account. To get your user account, visit the kiosk near the entrance downstairs. Depending on the computer you are using there are two ways to get started. The first wayis to find the icon for SPSS 14.0 on your desktop and double click it. This is the quickest way to access SPSS. However, it assumes that someone has placed an SPSS shortcut on the desktop. If you don't have a shortcut on your desktop go to the [Start => All Programs => SPSS] menu and start the package by clicking on the SPSS icon.Starting the program will result in the following menu. Click the “type in data” bubble then “O.K.” this results in an Excel like spreadsheet.Creating and opening filesEntering data into SPSS is very similar to how it is done in Excel, with each column representing a variable, start at the leftmost column and begin entering the following data(You will use this data for homework 1). See screenshot below for an example of how it will look in SPSS.County # of DeathsBernalillo 54.00 Catron 3.00 Chaves 4.00 Cibola 12.00 Colfax 10.00 Curry 6.00 De 3.00 Doña 26.00 Eddy 14.00 Grant 5.00 Guadalupe 4.00 County # of DeathsHarding 0.00 Hidalgo 3.00 Lea 11.00 Lincoln 3.00 Los Alamos 1.00 Luna 10.00 McKinley 34.00 Mora 4.00 Otero 13.00 Quay 7.00 Rio Arriba 13.00 County # of DeathsRoosevelt 2.00 Sandoval 16.00 San Juan 37.00 San Miguel 8.00 Santa Fe 16.00 Sierra 6.00 Socorro 11.00 Taos 5.00 Torrance 8.00 Union 4.00 Valencia 14.00 Notice at the top of the column the variables are labeled VAR0001 and VAR0002. You will want to rename them as “county” and “deaths”. To do this, double click on VAR0001or VAR0002. You will get a variable view screen that looks like the one below. Now you can click on VAR0001 and VAR0002 and rename them “county” and “deaths”.Click here to change variable name. Notice that the “type” column has VAR0001 labeled as a string variable and VAR00002 labeled as a numeric variable. This is due to the county variable being comprised of letters and the deaths variable being comprised of numbers. Also, notice the level of measurement for the “county” variable is labeled as nominal and “deaths” is labeled scale. If you ever need to change these values simply double click on the cell of interest and make the necessary changes.After renaming the two variables to “death” and “county” you will want to go back to thedata editor, to do this click on the data view tab at the bottom of your screen.Now complete entering the data from the table above. When you are finished save it to your desktop, 3.5” floppy, or thumb drive by clicking file > save as. Shown below.This will result in screen that is similar to other windows-based programs. Name the file “nmdeath” and make sure the “save as type” field ends with “sav”.Opening FilesOftentimes, you will be sent a data file by a client/colleague for your analyses. At times, these files will be sent to you in non-SPSS formats. Fortunately, SPSS can handle several common formats (Excel, DBF, CSV, etc.).Go to http://www.unm.edu/~marley/511-001.html and find the data file titled tutorial1.sav. Click on the hyperlink for tutorial1.sav using the right button on your mouse (i.e., right click). You will see this menu.Click on “save target as” and save the file to your desktop. Once you have the file on your desktop open it by double clicking on it. SPSS will open and you will see a spreadsheet that looks like this. You might need to close the output and syntax windows. If so, click on the X box in the top corner of each window.Frequency TablesAs we discussed on class it is often difficult to identify patterns in our data when looking at raw scores. For example, look at the column labeled zoo and try to identify a pattern in the raw scores. It’s very difficult. One way to look at our data that addresses this problemis to create frequency tables. To create a frequency table click on analyze > descriptive statistics > frequencies which results in the following view.After you click on frequencies you will see the menu below. Notice that the zoo variable has been added to the right side. Left clicking on zoo and then pressing the right facing arrow in the center of the menu did this.Now click the OK button. The output screen will popup and you will see the table below. Unfortunately, the table is not very useful, because the values on the measure are continuous. In other words, the frequency table is not much better than the raw values. It would be useful to split the data into quartile intervals.zoo story1 1.3 1.3 1.33 3.9 3.9 5.33 3.9 3.9 9.23 3.9 3.9 13.21 1.3 1.3 14.54 5.3 5.3 19.74 5.3 5.3 25.03 3.9 3.9 28.92 2.6 2.6 31.61 1.3 1.3 32.94 5.3 5.3 38.22 2.6 2.6 40.83 3.9 3.9 44.74 5.3 5.3 50.03 3.9 3.9 53.91 1.3 1.3 55.33 3.9 3.9 59.22 2.6 2.6 61.83 3.9 3.9 65.81 1.3 1.3 67.12 2.6 2.6 69.71 1.3 1.3 71.11 1.3 1.3 72.45 6.6 6.6 78.92 2.6 2.6 81.63 3.9 3.9 85.51 1.3 1.3 86.82 2.6 2.6 89.51 1.3 1.3 90.82 2.6 2.6 93.41 1.3 1.3 94.71 1.3 1.3 96.11 1.3 1.3 97.41 1.3 1.3 98.71 1.3 1.3 100.076 100.0 100.0.51.52.02.53.03.54.04.55.05.56.06.57.07.58.08.59.09.510.010.511.011.512.513.013.514.014.515.516.016.519.520.020.521.023.5TotalValidFrequency Percent Valid PercentCumulativePercentSplitting a variable into intervals. Select transform > Visual BanderThis results in the menu below. Place zoo in the “variables to band” column as you did with frequencies.Clicking continue results in the following menu.Click “zoo story” to get this histogram, and click on “make cutpoints” to arrive at the following menu.We want to create quartiles so click on the bubble labeled “equal percentiles based on scanned cases”. To do this we need to make cutpoints at the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles.This is why I entered “3” in the “number of cutpoints” field. The width(%) filed now indicates that each interval is 25% of the cases