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Penn CIT 597 - Extensible Hypertext Markup Language

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XHTMLWhat is XHTML?The problem with HTMLHTML vs. XMLFrom HTML to XHTML, IFrom HTML to XHTML, IISGML and DTDsDOCTYPE declaration, IDOCTYPE declaration, IIAn XHTML ExampleToolsVocabularyThe EndJan 14, 2019XHTMLhttp://www.w3schools.com/xhtml/2What is XHTML?XHTML stands for Extensible Hypertext Markup LanguageXHTML is aimed to replace HTMLXHTML is almost identical to HTML 4.01XHTML is a stricter and cleaner version of HTMLXML (Extensible Markup Language) is a markup language designed for describing dataXHTML is HTML redefined as an XML applicationXHTML is a “bridge” between HTML and XML3The problem with HTMLHTML started out as a way of way of describing the structure of documents, with tags to indicate headers, paragraphs, and the likeBecause people wanted to control the appearance of documents, HTML acquired tags to control fonts, alignment, etc.The result is a markup language that does both, but isn’t very good at either4HTML vs. XMLXML looks a lot like HTML, but--HTML uses a fixed set of tagsWith XML you make up your own tags (and define what they mean in a separate document)HTML is designed to display data to humansXML is designed to describe data to computersBrowsers are very tolerant of errors in HTMLXML documents must be well-formed (syntactically correct)All browsers can display HTMLAll modern browsers display XML, but in various ways5From HTML to XHTML, IXHTML elements must be properly nested <b><i>bold and italic</b></i> is wrongXHTML documents must be well-formed <html><head> ... </head><body> ... </body></html>Tag names must be in lowercaseAll XHTML elements must be closedIf an HTML tag is not a container, close it like this:<br />, <hr />, <img src="smile.gif" />Note: Some older browsers require a space before the /6From HTML to XHTML, IIAttribute names must also be in lower caseExample: <table width="100%">Attribute values must be quotedExample: <table width="100%">Attribute minimization is forbiddenExample: <frame noresize="noresize">,cannot be abbreviated to <frame noresize>The id attribute replaces the name attributeWrong: <img src="picture.gif" name="picture1" />Right: <img src="picture.gif" id="picture1" />Best: <img src="picture.gif" name="picture1" id="picture1" />7SGML and DTDsSGML stands for “Standard Generalized Markup Language”HTML, XHTML, XML and many other markup languages are defined in SGMLA DTD, or “Document Type Definition” describes the syntax to use for the current documentThere are three different DTDs for XHTML--you can pick the one you wantThese DTDs are public and on the webYou must start your XHTML document with a reference to one of these DTDs8DOCTYPE declaration, IEvery XHTML document must begin with one of the DOCTYPE declarations (DTDs):<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">9DOCTYPE declaration, IIThe three main DTDs are as follows:StrictUse for really clean markup, with no display information (no font, color, or size information)Use with CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) if you want to define how the document should lookTransitionalUse with standard HTML and/or with CSSAllows deprecated HTML elementsFramesetUse if your document uses HTML frames10An XHTML Example<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"><html> <head> <title>A simple document</title> </head> <body> <p>A simple paragraph.</p> </body></html>11ToolsDave Raggett's HTML TIDYhttp://www.w3.org/People/Raggett/tidy/is a free UNIX tool for checking and cleaning up HTML pagesW3C HTML Validation Toolhttp://validator.w3.org/ is an HTML form for checking (but not fixing) HTML and XHTML documents12VocabularySGML: Standard Generalized Markup LanguageHTML: Hypertext Markup LanguageXHTML: eXtensible Hypertext Markup LanguageXML: eXtensible Markup LanguageDTD: Document Type Definition13The


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Penn CIT 597 - Extensible Hypertext Markup Language

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