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Berkeley COMPSCI 150 - Lecture 8 - Hardware Description Languages

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1Fall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 1EECS150 - Digital DesignLecture 8 - Hardware Description LanguagesSeptember 19, 2002John WawrzynekFall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 2Outline• Netlists• Design flow• What is a HDL?• Verilog–history– examplesFall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 3Netlist• A key data structure (or representation) in the design process is the “netlist”:– Network List• A netlist lists components and connects them with nodes:ex:g1 "and" n1 n2 n5g2 "and" n3 n4 n6g3 "or" n5 n6 n7Alternative format:n1 g1.in1 n2 g1.in2n3 g2.in1n4 g2.in2n5 g1.out g3.in1n6 g2.out g3.in2n7 g3.outg1 "and"g2 "and"g3 "or"n1n2n3n4n5n6n7• Netlist is what is needed for simulation and implementation.• Could be at the transistor level, gate level, ...• Could be hierarchical or flat.• How do we generate a netlist?Fall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 4Design FlowDesignEntryHigh-level AnalysisTechnologyMappingLow-levelAnalysis2Fall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 5Design Flow• Circuit is described and represented:– Graphically (Schematics)– Textually (HDL)• Result of circuit specification (and compilation) is a netlist of:– generic primitives - logic gates, flip-flops, or– technology specific primitives -LUTs/CLBs, transistors, discrete gates, or– higher level library elements -adders, ALUs, register files, decoders, etc.DesignEntryHigh-level AnalysisTechnologyMappingLow-levelAnalysisFall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 6Design Flow• High-level Analysis is used to verify:– correct function– rough:• timing• power•cost• Common tools used are:– simulator - check functional correctness, and– static timing analyzer• estimates circuit delays based on timing model and delay parameters for library elements (or primitives).DesignEntryHigh-level AnalysisTechnologyMappingLow-levelAnalysisFall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 7Design Flow• Technology Mapping:– Converts netlist to implementation technology dependent details• Expands library elements,• performs:– partitioning, – placement, – routing• Low-level Analysis– Simulation and Static Tools perform low-level checks with:• accurate timing models,• wire delay– For FPGAs this step could also use the actual device.DesignEntryHigh-level AnalysisTechnologyMappingLow-levelAnalysisFall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 8Design FlowNetlist:used between andinternally for all steps.DesignEntryHigh-level AnalysisTechnologyMappingLow-levelAnalysis3Fall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 9Design Entry• Schematic entry/editing used to be the standard method in industry• Used in EECS150 until last semester☺ Schematics are intuitive. They match our use of gate-level or block diagrams.☺ Somewhat physical. They imply a physical implementation. Require a special tool (editor). Unless hierarchy is carefully designed, schematics can be confusing and difficult to follow.• Hardware Description Languages are the new standard– except for PC boardsFall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 10HDLs• Basic Idea:– Language constructs describe circuit structure– Structural descriptions similar to hierarchical netlist.– Behavioral descriptions use higher-level constructs (similar to conventional programming).• Originally designed to help in abstraction and simulation.– Now “logic synthesis” tools exist to automatically convert from behavioral descriptions to gate netlist.– Greatly improves designer productivity.– However, this may lead you to falsely believe that hardware design can be reduced to writing programs!• “Structural” example:Decoder(output x0,x1,x2,x3;inputs a,b){wire abar, bbar;inv(bbar, b);inv(abar, a);nand(x0, abar, bbar);nand(x1, abar, b );nand(x2, a, bbar);nand(x3, a, b );}• “Behavioral” example:Decoder(output x0,x1,x2,x3;inputs a,b){case [a b]00: [x0 x1 x2 x3] = 0x0;01: [x0 x1 x2 x3] = 0x2;10: [x0 x1 x2 x3] = 0x4;11: [x0 x1 x2 x3] = 0x8;endcase;}Fall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 11Verilog• A brief history:– Originated at Automated Integrated Design Systems (renamed Gateway) in 1985. Acquired by Cadence in 1989.– Invented as simulation language. Synthesis was an afterthought. Many of the basic techniques for synthesis were developed at Berkeley in the 80’s and applied commercially in the 90’s.– Around the same time as the origin of Verilog, the US Department of Defense developed VHDL. Because it was in the public domain it began to grow in popularity.– Afraid of losing market share, Cadence opened Verilog to the public in 1990. – An IEEE working group was established in 1993, and ratified IEEE Standard 1394 in 1995.– Verilog is the language of choice of Silicon Valley companies, initially because of high-quality tool support and its similarity to C-language syntax.– VHDL is still popular within the government, in Europe and Japan, and some Universities.– Most major CAD frameworks now support both.– Latest HDL: C++ based. OSCI (Open System C Initiative).Fall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 12Basic Example: 2-to1 mux//2-input multiplexor in gatesmodule mux2 (in0, in1, select, out);input in0,in1,select;output out;wire s0,w0,w1;not(s0, select);and(w0, s0, in0),(w1, select, in1);or(out, w0, w1);endmodule // mux2• Notes:– comments– “module”– port list– declarations– wire type– primitive gates4Fall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 13AnnouncementsFall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 142-to-1 mux behavioral description// Behavioral model of 2-to-1// multiplexor.module mux2 (in0,in1,select,out);input in0,in1,select;output out;//reg out;always @ (in0 or in1 or select)if (select) out=in1;else out=in0;endmodule // mux2• Notes:– behavioral descriptions use the keyword always followed by procedural assignments– Target output of procedural assignments must of of type reg– Unlike wire types where the target output of an assignment may be continuously updated, a reg type retains it value until a new value is assigned (the assigning statement is executed).Fall 2002 EECS150 - Lec08-HDLPage 15Hierarchy & Bit Vectors//Assuming we have already // defined a 2-input mux (either// structurally or behaviorally,//4-input mux built from 3 2-input muxesmodule mux4 (in0, in1, in2, in3, select, out);input in0,in1,in2,in3;input [1:0] select;output out;wire w0,w1;mux2m0 (.select(select[0]), .in0(in0), .in1(in1), .out(w0)),m1 (.select(select[0]), .in0(in2), .in1(in3), .out(w1)),m3 (.select(select[1]), .in0(w0), .in1(w1),


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Berkeley COMPSCI 150 - Lecture 8 - Hardware Description Languages

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